PROSESSI BESSEMER

PROSESSI BESSEMER, yake az usulhoi be sarfi suzishvori ba pulod tabdil dodani chuyani gudokhtaro guyand, ki soli 1852 metallurgi amerikoi Vilyam Kelli va soli 1855 metallurgi anglis Genri Bessemer novobasta az yakdigar muayyan namudaand. Nakhustin tajribahoi sanoatii Prosessi Bessemer dar Rossiya solhoi 50 asri 19 dar zavodhoi Kuvshinok, Nijneisetsk, Siretsk (Ural) va gayra guzaronda shudaand. Metallurghoi rus D. K. Chernov, K. P. Polenov va digar Prosessi Bessemerro ejodkorona istifoda bur­da, ba istiloh bessemeronii rusiro ikhtiro namudand. Dar vaqti Prosessi Bessemer az qabati chuyani gudokhta havo yo oksigen meguzaronand. In prosessro dar konvertere meguzaronand, ki onro dar girdi mehvari ufuqi davr zanondan mumkin ast (nig. Konverter). Bo tasiri havo yo oksigeni ba konverter dokhilshavanda gashhoi chuyan (Si, Mn, S) qisman oksid shuda, garmii bisyore khorij megarhad, ki chuyanro dar ho­leti gudokhta nigoh medorad, barobari in miqdori gashhoi tarkibi metall khele kam meshavad. Rafti Prosessi Bessemerro pesh az hama tarkibi khimiyavi va harorati chuyani gudokhta muayyan mekunad. Harorati chuyani moe az harorati gudozish dar qadar baland boshad, miqdori Si dar tarkibi on hamon qadar kamtar ast. Tanosubi in omilho (tar­kibi khimiyavi, alalkhusus miqdori Si va harorati chuyan)-ro tanzim karda, balansi garmii Prosessi Bessemerro ba vujud meorand, ki on rafti mutadili prosess va khosiyathoi matlubi mahsuli okhiri — pulodro mu­ayyan mekunad. Rejimi haroratii Prosessi Bessemerro bo ham dodani havo tanzim mekunand, ki rafti P Prosessi Bessemer (paydarpayii reaksiyahoi oksidshavii gashhoi chuyal) bo hamin rejimi harorati muayyan karda meshavad. Ba­roi past kardani harorati metall, odatan oksidhoi gunogun, madan, karakhsh va gayra ilova mekunand. Han­gomi past budani harorat boshad, ilova kardani ferrokhulahoi sersilitsiy rasm shudaast. Baroi gudozishi chuyani bessemeri tanho madanhoi makhsusi «bessemeri», ki miqdori fosforash az 0,025—0,03% ziyod naboshad, istifoda meshavad. Az sababi to raft kam shudani zakhirai madani «bessemeri», inchunin dar tarkibi on boqi monda­ni miqdori muayyani N, ki sifati pulodro past menamoyad, istehsoli pulodi bessemeri mahdud gardid. Hajmi pulodi bessemeri nisbat ba hajmi umumii pulodi istehsolshavanda dar SSCP 1,5: dar IMA 0,2; dar Fransiya 0,3; dar Angliya 0,06% ast. Barok istehsoli pulodhoi rekhtagari konverterhoi na on qadar kalonero, ki davo ba onho az pahlu ham doda meshavad, istifoda mebarand. Pulodi bessemeri baroi istehsoli relehoi rohi ohan, gulba, sim, vint, bolt, pechtobho va gayraho is­tifoda meshavad. Holo joi Prosessi Bessemerro tadrijan prosessi oksigeniyu kon­verteri girifta istodaast. Nig. niz Prosessi Tomas, Pulod, Chuyan.

Ad.: Afanasev S. G., Issledo­vanie bessemerovskogo prosessa, M., 1957; Staleplavilnoe proizvodstvo, Spravochnik, t. 1, M. 1964.

T. Ahmadov.