PROLETKULT

PROLETKULT, nomi kutoh kardashudai tashkiloti adabiyu badei va madaniyu marifatii «Prole­tarskaya kultura». In tashkilot dar arafai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr ba vujud omada, solhoi 1917—1920 faolona amal kardaast. Nazariyotchiyoni Proletkult aqidai bunyodi madaniyatn «sirf» proletariro targib mekardand, ki on ba marksizm mukholif bud. Inkor namudani aloqai madaniyati proletari bo madaniyati guzashta, dar sohai hayoti madani az dehqonon va intelligensiya chudo kardani korgaron mohiyati asosii Proletkultro tashkil medihad. Prinsiphoi Proletkult makhsusan dar asarhoi A. A. Bogdanov ravshan ifoda yoftaand.

Soli 1920 tashkilothoi Proletkult doroi 400 hazor azo buda, 80 hazor nafar odamon dar studiya va klubhoi badei mashguliyat meguzarondand. Qarib 20 jurnali Proletkult («Gorn» dar Moskva, «Gryadushee» dar Petrograd, «Zarevo zavodov»  dar Samara va gayra) nashr meshudand. Ibtidoi solhoi20 tashkilothoi Proletkult dar Britaniyai Kabir, Germamiya va gayra niz ba vujud omadand, vale onho der napoidand.

Faoliyati shoiron M. P. Gera­simov, V. D. Aleksandrovskiy, V. T. Kirillov, S. A. Obradovich, A. Mashirov — Samobitnik, N. G. Poletaev, V. V. Kazni va gayra bo Proletkult aloqamand bud. Soli 1920 shoiron Aleksandrov­skiy, Kazni, Obradovich, Poletaev va digaron az Proletkult dur shuda, guruhi «Kuznisa»-ro tashkil namudand. Aqidahoi Bogdanovro to andozae digar rohbaroni Proletkult (P. I. Lebedev — Polyanskiy, P. M. Kerjensev, V. F. Pletnyov, F. I. Kalinin, P. K. Bes- salko) tarafdory mekardand. Mayli Proletkult ba separatizmu mukhtoriyat mukholifi prinsiphoi leninii sokhtmoni jamiyati Sotialisti bud. Masalai mustaqiliyati Proletkult az davlatu partiya yake az mavzuhoi muhimi mubohisavii adabiyoti davragi bud. 8 oktyabri  1920 V. I. Lenin ba munosibati sezdi Proletkult, ki dar on zarurati mukhtoriyatash bori digar qayd gardida bud, loiqan rezo­lyutsiyai «Dar borai Proletkult»-ro tayyor namud. Bo taklifi Byuroi Siyosii KM RKP (b) sezd rezolyutsiyae qabul namud, ki muvofiqi on Proletkult boyad minbad hamchun shubai Komissariati khalqii maorif bo rohbarii RKP (b) kor mekard. Dar maktubi KM RKP(b) «Dar borai proletkultho», ki dekabri 1920 dar gazetai «Pravda» nashr shuda bud, munosibati partiya ba Proletkult muayyan gardida, aqidahoi nazarii rohbaroni on tanqid karda shud. Partiyai Kommunisti dar asosi tahlili faoliya­ti zararnoki tashkiloti Proletkult  nishon dod, ki az zaminai merosi peshqadai chudo shuda, madaniyati navi sotsialistiro barpo namudan imkonnopazir ast. Ammo rohbaroni Proletkult az mavqei peshtarai khud dast nakashidand, ki dar borai on maqolai V. Pletnyov «Dar fronti ideologi» («Pravda» 27 sentyabri 1922) shahodat medihad. In maqolaro V. I. Le­nin sakht tanqid kard. Partiyai kommunisti munosibati nigilistii ideologhoi Proletkultro ba madaniyati peshqadami guzashta qatiyan mahkum va inkor kard, ki in baroi tashakkuli madaniyati navi sotsialisti ahamiyati kalon dosht. V. I. Lenin ba in munosibat navishtaast, ki «Madani­yati proletari yak chizi az joi nomalum jahida baromadagi nest, gapi az khud boftai odamone nest, ki khudro mutakhassisoni sohai madaniyati proletari menomand. In hama sarosar safsata ast. Madaniyati proletari boyad taraqqii qonunii hamon zakhirahoi donish boshand, ki insoniyat onhoro dar zeri zulmi jamiyati kapitalisti, jamiyati pomeshi­ki, jamiyati amaldori hosil kardaast» (As., j. 31, sah. 296—297). Dar solhoi 20 Proletkult faqat bo korhoi teatru klub mashgul bud. Soli1925 Proletkult ba ittifoqhoi kasaba dokhil gardida, 1932 barham khurd. Proletkult ba aqidahoi qisme az navisandagoni tojik ham tasiri manfi rasondaast. Alalkhusus ejodiyoti Nazrulloi Bektosh, Gulom Alizoda, Akmal Aminzoda va Masud, ki dar on navovari ba anana muqobil guzoshta shuda, mafhumi «inqilobi adabi» yaktarafa manidod karda meshud, misol shuda metavonad. Ba tarikhi adabiyot az rui nazariyai «jarayoni yagona» baho do­dan, purzur budani tasiri Proletkult va omukhta nashudani adabiyoti guzashtai tojik sababi asosii ba vujud omadani chunin aqidahoi gayriilmi bud. Az in ru, onho adabiyotro, ki manfiati khalqro ifoda mekard, az ejodiyoti shoironi maddoh, az ada­biyoti diniyu irfoni va darborii klerikali, ki ba manfiati sinfi hukmron muvofiq bud, farq karda nametavonistand. Onho isror menamudand, ki tamomi klassikhoi ada­biyoti forsu tojik ba amiron va hukumatdoroni irtijoi khizmat kardaand. In qabil navisandagon ziddiyatero, ki dar bayni baromadi sinfi va ejodiyoti badeii bisyor shoiron vujud dosht, inkor menamudand. Hatto buzurgtarii shoironero, ki bo ejodiyoti khud dar ganjinai tamadduni jahoni hissai sazovor guzoshtaand, «saroyandai feodalizm» menomidand. Onho mafhumhoi «madaniyati feodali» va «madaniyati davrai feodali»-ro ba ham omekhta, aqidaero targib mekardand, ki tamomi madaniyati gu­zashta az goyahoi irtijoi safshor ast. Onho sinfi va partiyavi buda­ni adabiyotro dark karda natavonistaand. Bartarafu fosh kardani in qabil aqidahoi ligilistona va hamatarafa omukhtani merosi guzashta sharti zarurii ravnaqu rivoji ma­daniyati sotsialisti, az jumla ada­biyoti sovetii tojik bud. Soli 1930 dar huzuri Komiteti Ijroiyai Markazii Sovethoi RSS Tojikiston bo sardorii A. Lohuti tasis shudani Komiteti ilmi, okhiri soli 1932 kushoda shudani bazai tojikistonii Af SSSP va soli 11951 ba Akademiyai fanhoi RSS Tojikiston tabdil yoftani on, bo qarori KM PK (b) Tojikiston az 16 iyuli soli 1933 dar Dushanbe tashkil karda shudani ganjinai dastnavisho, soli1938 dar nazdi Komissariati khalqii maorifi RSS Tojikiston tasis shudani Instituti zabon va khat, makhsusan tashkil kardani Shubai sharqshinosii AF RSS Tojikiston zaminai boetimodi tahqiqi ilmii merosi guzashta bud. Dar omuzishi merosi guzashta va barbod dodani takhayuloti proletkultchigi sahmi olimonu navisandagoni maruf S. Ayni, B. Gafurov, M. Osimi, M. Tursunzoda, A. Mirzoev, A. Bahovaddinov, N. Masumi, 3. Rajabov, Sh. Huseynzoda, R. Hodizoda, M. Rajabov va digaron kalon ast.

Ad.: Lenin V. I., O literature i iskusstve, MELOD, 1989- Sayfulloev A., Aqidahoi adabii Lenin va adabiyoti to­jik, D., 1976; Smirnov I.. Leninskaya konsepsiya kulturnoy revolyusii i kri­tika Proletkulta, dar maj.: Istori­cheskaya nauka i nekotorie problemi so­vremennosti, MELOD, 1989; Gorbunov V., Lenin i sosialisticheskaya kultura, MELOD, 1972; hamon muall., V. I. Lenin i Pro­letkult, MELOD, 1974.