PRAVOSLAVIE

PRAVOSLAVIE, yake az raviyahoi asosi va kuhnatarin (dar qatori katolitsizm va protestantizm) dar masehiyat. Asosan dar Evropai Shar­qi va Sharqi Nazdik nufuz dorad. Dar soli 395 barobari du taqsim shu­dani Imperiyai Rim (ba Garbiyu Sharqi) paydo shudaast. Hamchun kalisoi mustaqil soli 1054 tashakkul yoftaast. Ahkomash asrhoi 9—11 dar Vizantiya muayyan shudaast: Etiqodi pravoslavi, ki asosi mushtaraki masehi dorad, bar poya i kalomi muqaddas (Bibliya) va rivoyati muqaddas qaror giriftaast. Ahkomi masehiyat nuktahoi asosii dini masehi ba shumor meravad, ki onkhoro anjumanhoi jahoni qabul karda budand. Tavassuti kalisoi pravoslavi ahkomi mazkur “ilhomi ilohi”-i mutlaqu abadi, tagyirnayobandavu darknashavanda elon shuda bud. Pravoslavie ahkomi katolitsizmro badi chudo shudani kaliso (yane az khudo-padar va khudo-pisar judo shudani ruhi muqaddas, talimot dar borai sarvarii papai Rim, mavjudiyati oda­mi barzakh, obistanii porsoyonai Maryam va gayra) nodurust va muqobili rivoyatu navishtajoti muqaddas medonist. Asosi rusumi Pravoslaviero ba misli ka­tolitsizm, haft morosim tashkil medihad, vale tarzi guzaronidani mo­rosimhoi mazkur az ham farq mekumand. Marosimi ibodati Pravoslavi liturgiya (amalibti sahnaviyu musiqi bo duokhoni, qiroati navishtajoti muqaddas va gayra) nomida meshavad. Marosimi mazkur bo zaboni mahalli (milli), bazai bo zabonhoi murda (arkhaisti) niz guzaronda meshavad. Pravoslavie idhoi umumimasehi, az qabili mavludi Maseh, ruza (paskha) va gayraro purra etirof mekunad, vale idhoi badi chudo shudani kaliso bavujudomadaro namepazirad; Paskhai bahori «bu­zurg», tobistoni «petrov», tiramohi «uspenskiy» va «mavlud»-i zimistoni niz az unsurhoi tarkibii oini pravoslavi ba shumor meravapd. Bar khilofi katolitsizm va protestantizm, ki taqvimi gregorianiro istifoda mekunand, aksari kalisohoi pravoslavi az taqvimi yuliani istifoda mebarand. Muvofiqi talimoti Pravoslavie ruhoniyon faqat yak bor khonador shuda metavonand. Pravoslavie tashkiloti yagonai kalisoi (ba misli Va­tikan dar katolitsizm) nadorad. Intishori masehiyat dar shakli Pravoslavie ba sarzamini rus az miyonai asri 9 ogoz yofta, soli 988 didi davlatii Rusi Kievi elon shud.

Bo galabai sotsializm dar SSSR va sokhtmoni sotsializm dar baze mamlakathoi digar, Pravoslavie mavqehoi khudro az dast dod. Dar zamoni hozira ide­ologiya va faoliyati siyosii Pravoslavie ba kulli tagyir yoftaast. Bo maqsadi nigoh doshtani nufuzi din dar bayni omma Pravoslavie munosibati khudro nis­bat ba sharoiti kununi digar kar­da, siyosati sulhjuyonai davlathoi sotsialistiro dastgiri mekunad va dar amniyati baynalkhalqi faolona ishtirok menamoyad. Bo in hama murosokori va zamonasozi dar sha­roiti progressi ijtimoi va manavi, inkishofi bemayloni ateizmi ommavi Pravoslavie hamchun boqimondai urfu odathoi guzashta dar shuuri dindoroni mamlakathoi sotsialisti za­vod yofta istodaast.

Ad.: Novikov M. P., Pravoslavie i sovremennost, M„ 1965; Gordien­ko N. S., Sovremennoe pravoslavie, M., 1968; Titov V. S., Pravoslavie, M., 1974.