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POLYaKHO

polyakho

POLYaKHO, lahistoniyon, millat, aholii asosii RKhP. Shumoraashon 39 100 hazor yo qarib 98% tamomi aholii mamlakat (1978). Qarib 10 mln nafar Polyakho dar Amerika, Evropa, inchunin dar SSSR 1151 hazor nafar (1979) zindagi mekunand; ba zaboni polyaki gap mezanand. Aksariyai dindoron katolikand. Khalqi polyak dar davrai bavujudoii davlati Polsha tashakkul yoftaast (asrhoi (10—11). Asosi etnikii onro polyakho, slezanho, vislyanho, mazovshanho, pomoryatsho va digaron qabilahoi slavyanhoi garbi tashkil dodand. Dar davrai parokandagii feodali (asrhoi 11— 13) bayni guruhhoi alohidai muzofotii Polyakho judoii siyosi ba amal omad. Asrhoi 13—15 dar jarayoni muqobilat ba istilogaroni nemis dar bayni Polyakho kushishi muttahidkunii zaminhoi Polsha quvvat girift. Dar hududi davlati sermillati Rech Pospolita prosessi muttahidshavii millii Polyakho ba amal omad. In prosess asri 18 dar natijai taqsimoti Rech Pospolita, dar davrai janghoi Napoleon va badi on murakkab gardid. Az okhiri asri 18 va ibtidoi asri 19 dar inkishofi shuuri millii Polyakho harakathoi millii ozodikhohi roli buzurg bozidand. Dar asri 19 davlati mustaqili Polsha vujud nadoshta boshad ham, khalqi polyak va shuuri millii on baland shud. Vale dar bayni Polyakho chand guruhe budand, ki az rui sheva va baze khususiyathoi atnografi az yakdigar farq mekardand. Dar okhiri asri 19 va dar asri 20 farqiyati bayni in guruhho barham khurd. Badi Jangi yakumi jahoni (1914—1918) davlati burjuazi-pomeshikii Polsha tashkil yofta, bisyor zaminhoi garbii Polyakhoro muttahid namuda, dar Sharq rayonhoero zabt kard, ki dar onho ukrainho, belorusho, litvoniho sokin budand. Zaminhoi Polsha tanho badi Jangi duyumi jahoni dar atrofi yak davlat muttahid gardidand. Nig. nia Polsha.

Ad.: Istoriya Polshi, tt. 1—3, M., 1954—58; Korolyuk V. D., Drevnepolskoe gosudarotvo, M., 1957.

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SAFORAT

SAFORAT, namoyandagi, koru amali safir, ki az tarafi davlate ba poytakhti davlati digar meravad. Nigared, …