POETIKA

POETIKA (yun. poietike — sanati shoiri; dar asarhoi adabiyotshinosii asrhoi miyonai fors-tojik ba shakli «Butiqo», «Fuitiqo» omadaast), istilohest, ki du mani dorad:

1) majmui sifathoi badei, estetiki va uslubi, ki khususiyathoi yagon padidai adabi, sokhti dokhili, juziyot va hambastagii onro muayyan mekunad; 2) yake az sohahoi adabiyotshinosi, ki masalahoi zerinro dar bar megirad: omuzishi juziyoti umumi va ustuvor, ki az hambastagii onho adabiyoti badei, jinsho va janrhoi adabi, asarhoi gunoguni sanat tarkib meyoband; muayyan namudani qonunhoi hambastagi va tahavvuli in juziyot, qonuniyathoi umumii inkishofi adabiyot, tashreh va tasnifi shaklhoi tarikhan ustuvori badei (lirika, drama, epos), oshkor sokhtani qonuniyathoi harakati tarikhi va tahavvuli onho. Poetika, ki az kalomi badei va uslub to qonunhoi tarkib va tahavvuli jinsho va janrhoi adabi, hamchunin sistemai yaklukhti inkishofi adabiyot masalahoi ziyodero dar bar megirad, bo uslub va shershinosi, bo estetika va nazariyai adabiyot hambastagi do­rad. Robitai Poetika bo tarikhi  adabiyot va tanqidi adabi niz zarur ast. Poetika ba malumoti in ilmho takya kar­da, baroi tasnifu tahlili materi­al, hamchunin baroi muayyan namudani payvandi on bo anana, tozagi va arzishi badeii on meyori nazariyavi ba miyon meguzorad. Poetika umumi (tadqiqi qonuniyatho va juziyoti umumii adabiyot) va khususi (Poetikai yagon shoir, navisanda, asari alohida) buda metavonad. Az tadqiqoti olimoni evropoi, ki to zamoni mo rasidaand, risolai “Poetika”-i Arestu tajribai avvalini ilmi Poetika ast. Arastu nakhustin bor se jinsi asosii adabiyot (epos, lirika, drama)-ro az jihati nazari muayyan kard. Dar Yunoni Qadim Poetika umuman talimot dar borai sanati shoiri buda, oid ba masoili asosii ejodi badei bahs mekard. Badtar tali­mot dar borai mohiyati adabiyoti ba­dei, munosibati on ba voqeiyat va maqsadi asosii on mavridi badei faylasufon qaror girift. Tadqiqi Poetika boshad bo omukhtani unsurhoi shaklii adabiyot mahdud gardid. Dar Evropa rohi yakumi tadqiq ba paydoishi sohai makhsusi donish dar borai nazariyai sanat, yane este­tika sabab gardid. Dar Rossiya M. V. Lomonosov, V. K. Trediakovskiy, A. X. Vostokov, A. N. Veselovskiy, Al. A. Potebnya dar inkishofi Poetikai ilmi hissai kalon guzoshtand. Inchunin dar peshrafti ilmi Poetikai rus aqidahoi adabii A. S. Pushkin, I. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevskiy, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov va digaron klassikon, aqidahoi nazarii V. G. Belinskiy, N. A. Dob­rolyubov va digaron ahamiyati khos doshtand. Dar Sharq bo tasiri «Poeti­kai Arastu (tarjumai arabii on) nazari falsafi va mantiqi ba sher ba vujud omad, ki mohiyati on ba asosi ratsionalii falsafa vobasta bud. Agar Arastu asosi zotii adabi­yotro ba shakli muhoki (hikoyavi) vo­basta karda boshad, ba aqidai adibon, faylasufoni fors-tojik, masalan, Ibni Sino, sher «kalomi mukhayyal» ast. Poetikai fors-tojik ba gayr az ta­siri «Poetikai Arastu sarchashmahoi digar (adabi peshazislomii eroni, adabi arab) va rohi inkishofu taraqqiyoti judogonaro molik bud. Dar on ba tadqiqu omuzishi du jihati shaklii adabiyot (asosan sher) etibor doda meshud: yake vahdati shaklu ohang va qonuniyathoi umumii on (vaznu qofiya), digare zabon yo tarkiboti lafzi, ki dar on muno­sibati shakliyu ohangi guftor eti­bori makhsus dosht. Hamai in donishho ilmi shershinosiro ba vujud ovard, ki dar programmai talimii donishkadahoi oli, az jumla UDT, ba sifati fanni mustaqil bo unvoni nazmshinosi do khil gardidaast. Shershinosi juze az ulumi  adabi buda, dar tasnifi donishmandoni guzashtai mo az aruz, bade, qofiya va lugat iborat bud. Dar ilmi shershinosii fors-tojik juzitarin mas­alahoi asari badei — shaklu mazmuni sher, qofiya, sanathoi sheri tadqiq shudaand. Buzurgtarin oli­moni in soda Muhammad ibni Umari Roduyoni (asri 11), Rashiduddini Vatvot (asri 12), Shamsi Qaysi Rozi (asri 13), Shamsi Fakhrii Isfahoni (asri 14), Husayni Voizi Koshifi (asri 15), Atoullohi Mahmudi Husayni (asri 16) va digaron meboshand. Inchunin mulohizahoi estetikii sukhanvaroni fors-tojik dar tashakkuli Poetika maqomi namoyon dosht. Tadqiqi merosi estetikii K. Marks va V. I.. Lenin, prinsiphoi falsafii nazariyai inikos, talimoti marksisti oid ba munosibati shaklu mazmun baroi inkishofi Poetikai imruza zaminai zaruri ba miyon ovard. Ejodiyot va andeshahoi estetikii navisandagoni soveti (M. Gorkiy, V. Mayakovskiy va digaron) dar inkishofi Poetikai mardinai navero kushodand. Holo du navi fahmishi Poetika ba nazar merasad. Bazeho (R. Yakobson, Yu. Lotman) Poetikai shakliro pesh guzoshta, vazifai aso­sii onro az tadqiqi zaboni asari badei iborat medonand. Muvofiqi aqidai digaron Poetika sistemai vositahoi badeiro vobasta ba tarzi tafakkur va maqsadhoi goyaviyu ijtimoii navisanda tadqiq mokunad. Dar in Poetika prinsipi baho ba asari badei prinsipi tarikhii muqoisavi buda, khususiyati zotii adabi­yoti badei dar robita bo tarikhi inkishofi on omukhta meshavad. Adabiyotshinosii muosiri tojik ba tadqiqi Poetikai osori adabii guzashtavu imruza kam mashgul  shudaast. Dar adabiyotshinosii tojik baze jihathoi shakli asari badei asosan az mavqei shershinosii guzashta tadqiq meshavad. Dar omuzishi Poetikai nasri realistii hozirai tojik komyobi beshtar ba nazar merasad. Omuzishi mohiyati badeii shakli adabi va munosibati on bo mazmunu goyai asari badei asosi peshrafti adabiyotshinosi va Poetikai osori adabiyot khohad bud.

Ad.: Atoullo Husayni, Badoe- us-sanoe, D.. 1.974; Zehni T., Sanati sukhan, D., 1979; Aristotel, Ob iskusstve poezii, M.. 1957; B u a l o N., Poeticheskoe iskusstvo, M., 1957; Lot­man Yu. M.. leksii po strukturnoy poetike, Tartu, 1964; Bakhtin M. M., Problemi poetiki Dostoevskogo, M., 1972.

1. Sharifov.