Osmos

Osmos (yunoni osmos — takoy, fishor), diffuziya modda (odatan moddai halkunanda)-ro az membrana (parda)-i nimguzaronandae guyand, ki mahlul va halkunandai toza yo du mahluli konsentrasiyaashon gunogunro az ham judo mekunad. Membranai nimguzaronanda saddest, ki molekulahoi khurdi halkunandaro az khud guzaronida, molekulahoi kalontarini moddai halshudaro doshta memonad. Faqat dar surati diffuziyai yaktarafai halkunanda dar du tarafi membrana konsentrasiyai modda yakkhel meshavad. Az in ru Osmos hamesha hangomi az halkunandai toza ba mahlul yo az mahluli konsentrasiyaash past ba mahluli konsentrasiyaash baland guzashtani halkunanda ba vujud meoyad.

Osmosi ba dokhili moei hajmash mahdud ravonshuda endo­osmos va ba beruni on ravonshuda ekzoosmos nom dorad. Halkunanda dar natijai fishori osmosi az membrana meguzarad. Fishori osmo­si gufta on fishori barziyodi beruniero menomand, ki baroi bartaraf kardani Osmos (yane baroi dar siste­ma, ba vujud ovardani muvozinati osmosi) lozim meshavad. Agar fisho­ri barziyod az fishori osmosi balandtar boshad, on goh jarayoni hara- kati molekulahoi halkunanda baraks meshavad (diffuziyai chappa).

Osmosro avvalin bor soli 1748 A. Nolle mushohida karda boshad ham, vale on tanho badi soli 1848 tadqiq shud. Osmos dar prosesshoi biologi ahamiyati kalon dorad. Onro dar tekhnikai laboratori (baroi muayyan kardani kharakteristikai molekulavii polimerho, kansentronidani mahlulho, tadqiqi sokhti moddahoi murakkabi biologi), sanoat (dar istehsoli masolehi polimeri baroi toza karda­ni obi namakhoi mineraliash ziyod) va gayra istifoda mebarand.