Osmon

Osmon [az «os» (osiyo) va «mon» (monand)], a r sh, g a r a z m o n, g a r d u n, samo, s i p e h r, u m m u n n u j u m, f a l a q  ch a r kh. Ba manii t a n g atmosferai az Zamin namoyonro guyand, ki ba shakli gunbazi minorang vonamud megardad. Shakli zohirii vay vobasta ba mavqei mushohid va sharoiti obu havo tagyir meyobad. Shakli zohirii gunbadi falak dar navoati khud hangomi az rui mulchar muayyan kardani balandii chirmi munir az ufuq ahamiyati kalon dorad. Ba manii v a s e Osmon gufta yak qismi az nimkurai muayyani Zamin (Shimol yo Januii) namoyoni Koinotro guyand, ki ba sifati yak majmui behaddu hisobi chirmhoi mu­nir surat megirad.

Shabona dar Osmon taqriban 2,5 hazor sitoraro to qadri 6-um didan mumkin ast, ki aksariyatashon dar mintaqai Rohi Kahkashon voqe gardidaand. Bo yorii teleskophoi puriqtidor (masalan, teleskopi rasadkhonai makhsusi astrofizikii AF SSSR dar Zelenchuk) boshad, sitorahoi to qadri 24-um mushohida mesha­vand. Dar ahdi qadim hamagi panj sayyora malum bud, ki yakjoya bo Mokhu Oftob va sitorahoi sobita, «nuh tabaq»-i Osmonro tashkil medodand. Bino ba aqidai munajjimoni bostoni. Moh dar falaqi avval. Utorid dar falaqi soni, Zuhra dar falaqi kholis, Oftob dar falaki robe, Mirrikh shar falaki khomis, Mushtari dar falaki sodis, Zuhal dar fala­ki sobe voqe shuda. hamay burjho osmoni hashtum — falaqi somin yo savobitro tashkil medihand.

Nihoyat, falaki nuhum tabaqai balandtarini osmon buda, falaki tose yo fa­la kulaflok (osmoni osmonho) nomida meshud. Duvozdah burji falaki somin dar navbati khud ba chahor guruh — burchi obi (Saraton, Hut, Aqrab). burji bodi (Dalv, Mizon, Navzo), burji khoki (Savr, Sunbula, Na­di) va burji ozari (Asad, Qavs, Hamad) taqsim karda meshud. Dar tarikhi ilmi tojik majmui burjhoi Osmon. Ba islohi ashkoli falaki, suvari falaqi, surathoi falaki, paykari nur maruf bud. Avvalin tavsiroti ashkoli dar kitobi “Suvar- ul- kavokib”-i Abdurrahmoni Sufi (903-986) darj shudaast (nig. rasm).

Aburayhoni Beruni dar “Kitob- ut-tafhum” fehristi 48 burjro ovardaast, ki 12- toi on burjhoi duvozdahkhonai mashhura meboshand. Az in miqdor nomguy burjhoi 45- toyash az yunoni ba arabiyu tojiki iqtibos va kalika shuda, nomi du burj (Faras va Nahr) sifr az arabi ba istoilohi avrupoi (Pegas va Eridan) tabdil yoftaast. Aburayhoni Beruni ba joi istilohi Coma Berenices  (Volosi Veroniki) istilohi sof tojiki Gesu- ro istifoda burdaast (nig. jadvali 1), ki hududashon dar qatoi makhsusi Ittifoqi baynalkhalqii astronomho (1930) muqarrar shudaast.

Sitorahoi muniri burjho bo harfhoi alifboi yunoni (vobasta ba rafti kamshavii qadri sivi) va yo raqamho ishora karda meshavad. Masalan,  Dajoja (Zan)  Savr (Naht),  Nahr (Zavraq) gayra. Baze tini sitoraho ishorati makhsus dorand. Masalan, sitorahoi iagyiryobanda bo harfhoi chonii lotini ishorat karda meshavad. Yak silsila sitoraho doroi ismhoi khosand, nomi 220- toash arabi (hamchunin tojiki) meboshad, ki dar tahrifhoi gunogun ba islohi baynalkhalqi tabdil yoftaand (nig. jadval 2).

In nomho odatan uzvi yagon ashkoli falakiro ifoda mekunad (yad- dast), yane dasti Javzo yo khud ba istilohi imruza dasti Jabor, Zanabi Asad, yane dumi sher va gayra Sitoragoni tira bo nomerhoe ishora meyoband ki tahti hamon raqam dar katalog qayd megardad.    Dar Osmon hamchunin tarokumhoi sitoragi assosiatsiyahoi sitoragi, tumanoti galaktikaho, kvazarho, pulsarho, tarokumi galaktikaho, jirmhoe, ki ba tartibi sistemai Oftob mansuband (sayyoraho, radifoni sayyoraho, asteroidho, kometaho), obekthoi masnui kayhoni, radifoti masnui Zamin, zondhoi kayhonaro mushohida kardan mumkin ast.

Namudi Oftob ba tufayli harakati shabonaruzii zohirii gunbadi falak, ki inikosi davrazanii Zamin meboshad, muttasil tauyir yofta meistad.

Ad: Abdurrahmoni Sufi, Tarjumai  Suvar- ul-kavokib, Tehron, 1973; Aburayhoni Beruni, Kitob- ut- tafhim, D., 1973.