Osiyoi Markazi

Osiyoi Markazi, kishvari tabiiest dar qitai Osiyo. Masohat qarib 6 million kilometr². Sarhadi Osiyoi Markaziro dar Shimoli janubii Khingani Kalon va qatorkuhi Taykhanshan, dar Janub pastkhamii tektonikii boloobi daryohoi Hind va Bradmalutra (Sangpo) tashkil medihand. Kanorhoi garbi va shimoliash to qatorkuhhoi Qazoqistoni Sharqi, Oltoy, Sayani Garbi va Sharqi (taqriban to sarhadi bayni SSSR va Respublikai Khalqii Khitoy, Respublikai Khalqii Muguliston) kashol yoftaand. Dar Osiyoi Markazi qismi ziyodi Khitoy va Respublikai Khalqii Muguliston joy giriftaand. Aholiash: mugulho, khigoiho, uygurho- tibetiho va gayra.

Relefi Osiyoi Markaziro hamvoriyu pahnkuhhoi sinnu balandihoyashon gunogune tashkil medihand, ki onhoro qatorkuhhoi baland ihota kardaand. Az jihati geomorfologi tamomi Osiyoi Markaziro ba 3 mintaqai az Farb ba Sharq tul kashida taqsim mekunand: 1) Shimoli, mintaqai kuhi, ki sistemai kuhhoi Tiyonshon, Oltoyi Mugul, Khangay va Khenteyro darbar megirad. Dar bayni kuhho pastkhamii farokhi Jungariya, khamii kulhoi Kalon va gayra joy giriftaand. 2) Mobayni, mintaqai hamvoriho, ki az sathi bahr 1—1,5 hazor metr baland ast (pastkhamihoi Gobi, Ta­rim va gayra). Pastkhamii Tarim biyoboni Takla-Makonro darbar megi­rad. 3) Osiyoi Markazii  Baland — kuhsori Tibet, ki dar on balandihoi 4—5 hazor-metra beshtarand. Sistemam kuhhoi kalontarinash: Kunlun dar Shimol, Qaroqurum dar Farb, Gandisishan dar Janub va kuhhoi Chinu Tibet dar Sharq Dar quhhoi Tiyonshon, Qaroqurum va Kunlun qullaho to ba v—7 hazor metr merasand.

Sarvathoi zerizaminii Osiyoi Markazi pur­ra omukhta nashudaand. Dar shimoli garbi Khitoy konhoi kaloni neftu angishtsang, dar Respublikai Khalqii Muguliston  angishtsangu angishti bur va madani ohan yoft shu­daand. Osiyoi Markaziro az metallhoi nodir va ranga, namaki osh va digar sarvathoi zerizamini boy ast.

Iqlimi Osiyoi Markazi nihoyat kontinenti va khushk ast. Harorati miyonai yanvar dar hamvoriho az —10 to —25° Selsiya, iyul az 20 to 25° Selsiya (dar kuhsori Ti­bet qarib 10° Selsiya). Borishoti solona dar hamvoriho az 200 millimetr ziyod nest, dar baze nohiyaho (biyoboni Takla- Makon, Gashun, Gobi, Saydam, push- takuhi Changtan) 50 millimetr; dar qatorkuhho 300—500 millimetr; dar Janubi Sharq az tasiri mussonhoi tobistona to 1000 milimetr. Shamolhoi sakht mevazand.

Piryakhdoi va chandon kalon asosan dar balandtarin bandi kuhhoi Qaroqurum, Kun­lun, inchunin Tiyonshoni Sharqi va Oltoyi Mugul mavjudand. Daryohoi kaloni Osiyo: Khuaykhe, Yanszi, Mekong, Saluin, Brahmaputra, Hind, Irtish, Selenga, Amur az kuhhoi kapori Osiyoi Markazi cap shuda, obi khudro ba uqyonus merezand. Masohati havzai obhoi dokhili khele kalon ast. Yak qismi dar- yohoi in jo to kulho kashol meyoband, obi qismi digarashon dar biyobonhoi regzor qat megardad yo purra ba obyorii zaminho sarf meshavad. Daryohoi doimii in nohiya: Tarim, Khutan, Oqsu, Konchidaryo, Urungu, Manas, Kobdo, Dzabkhon. Kulho bisyorand. Obi beshtari onho shur, az kulhoi shirinob kalontarinashon: Kharaus-Nur, Bagrashkul, Khubsugul.

Khoki territoriyai Osiyoi Markazi beshtar jigarrang, khokistarrangu bur va gayra. Shurzaminho va taqirho bisyorand. Nabototash biyoboniyu nimbiyoboni va dashti. Asosan rastanihoi buttagi — zagoza, juzgun, renta, jorubak, kovilu tipchoq va gayra meruyand. Dar nishebii shimolii kuhho beshahoi suzanbargi darakhtoni laden, koj, sharbin, dar vodii daryo va vohahoi nazdikuhi tugayzori darakhtoni sanjid, safedor, angat, dar sohili obanborho nayu qamishzorho dida meshavand. Olami hayvonoti Osiyoi Markazi : gajgov, buzu gusfandi kuhi (dar kuhsori Tibet), shutur, gurkhar, aspi Prjevalskiy, gizol, zargush, sugur, kurmush; az darrandagon — ruboh, gurg va gayra.

Tadqiqi muntazami ilmii Osiyoi Markazi az asri 19 cap shud. Dar in bobat hissai sayyohonu tadqiqotchiyoni rus, makhsusan N. M. Prjevalskiy ka­lon ast. Prjevalskiy joyhoi to hol nomalumi Osiyoi Markaziro omukht. U piyoda va aspsavoru shutursavor besh­tar az 30 hazor kilometr rohro tay namud. Asarhoi N. M. Prjevalskiy baroi omukhtani tabiati Osiyoi Markazi niz khele muhim budand. Dar davomi chor sayohati khud (1870-—8o) u masohati buzurgero az kuhhoi Tiyoshion dar Farb to qatorkuhi Khingani Kalon dar Sharq, az Zabaykaliya dar Shimol to miyonahoi Tibet dar Janub tadqiq kardaast.

Vay qatorkuhhoi to on vaqt nomalumro kashf kard, bisyor kulho, inchunin boloobi daryohoi Khuankhe va Yansziro tadqiq namud, avvalin kharitai ani­qi joyhoi taykardaashro tartib dod. Tadqiqoti Osiyoi Markaziro sayyohoni rus davom dodand. P. K. Kozlov qatorkuhi to hol nomalumero dar bayni bo­loobi daryohoi Mekong va Yanszi kashf kard, ki on Jamiyati geografii rus nomida shudaast. U dar Gobi kharobahoi shahri Khara-Khotoro yoft. Hangomi koftukov az in jo bisyor dast-khathoi qadima va yodgorihoi rassomiyu haykaltaroshii asrhoi miyona paydo shudand. Dar tadqiqi Osiyoi Markazi hissai olimoni soveti niz kalon ast.

Adabiyot: Sinisin V. M., Sentralnyaya Aziya, Moskva. 1959; Petrov M. P., Pusti­ni Sentralnoy Azii, tom 1—2, Moskva— Leningrad. 1966—67.