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Osetiyai Shimoli

Osetiyai Shimoli (S a g a t Ir). Respublikai A v t o nomii Soveton Sotsialiston Osetiyai Shimoli (Sagat Iristoni Avtonom Sovetii Sotsialis­tii Respublika), dar hayati Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya. 7 iyuli 1924 hamchun viloyati avtonomi tash- kll yofta bud; 5 dekabri 1936 ba Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialisti tabdil doda shud. Osetiyai Shimoli dar nishebii shimoli Kavkazi Kalon va hamvorihoi nishebi nazdi on joygir ast. Masohat 8 hazor kilometr2. Aholiash 606 hazor nafar (1982). Dar Osetiyai Shimoli 8 rayon, 6 shahr va 7 posyolkai tipi shahr hast. Poytakhtash — shahri Orjonikidze.

Sokhti davlati. Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Osetiyai Shimoli — davlati sotsialistii umumikhalqi, respublikai avtonomii sovetii sotsialisti. Konstitusiyai joriash dar Sessiyai 8-umi gayrinavbatii davati 9-umi Soveti Olii Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Osetiyai Shimoli. 30 may 1978 qabul gardidaast.

Organhoi olii hokimiyati davlati— Soveta Olii yakpalatagii Osetiyai Shimoli, ki ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob karda meshavad va Prezidiumi on. Soveti Oli hukumati respublika—Soveti Vazi- ronro tashkil medihad. Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Osetiyai Shimoli  dar Soveti millathoi Soveti Olii SSSR 11 deputat dorad. Organ­hoi mahallii hokimiyati davlati — Sovethoi deputathoi khalqii shahr, rayon, posyolka va qishloq meboshand, ki aholi ba muhlati 2 sol intikhob mekunad. Soveti Olip Osetiyai Shimoli Sudi Olii respublikoro dar hayati 2 kollegiyai sudi (doir ba korhoi jinoyati va grajdani) va Prezidiumi Sudi Oliro ba muhlati 5 sol inti­khob mekunad. Prokurori Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Osetiyai Shimoliro Prokurori SSSR ba muhla- i 5 sol tain mekunad.

            Tabiat. Qismi janubii Osetiyai Sharqiro qatorkuhhoi Asosi va Pahluii Kavkazi Kalon ishgol kardaand, ki az 4000 metr balandtarand (balandtarin nuqtai respublika kuhi Jimara, 4780 metr). Dar qismi markazii respublika khamvorii nishebidori Osetiya joygir ast; shimoltar az in hamvori qatorkuhhoi pasti Sunjen va Per, dar pasi onho hamvorii Mozdok voqe gardidaast. Sarvathoi zerizaminiash — madanhoi polimetall, masolehi binokori, dolomit, chashmahoi obi minerali.

Iqlimash mutadil. Dar hamvorii Mozdok iqlimm khushk, tez-tez garmsel mevazad; harorati miyonai yanvar —4,3° Selsiya, iyul 24° Selsiya. Dar hamvorii Osetiya harorati miyonai yanvar —4° S;elsiya borishoti so­lona 600—800 millimetr. Kalontarin piryakhho — Qaravgom va Seya. Daryohoyash ba havzai Terek taalluq dorand. Daryohoi kalontarinash Terek, Urukh, Ardon, Fiagdon, Gizeldon va gayra.

Dar hamvorii Mozdok dar joi dashthoi yavshonzori peshtara kishtzori khojagii qishloq voqe gashtaast; janubtar az on — khelhoi gunoguni siyohzamin. Dar hamvorii Osetiya siyohkhoki margzory, khokhoi margzoriyu botloqi, chimtoliyu gleevy va gayra dida meshavad; dar joi beshadashthoi peshta­ra— kishtzorhoi khojagii qishloq. Dar khokhoi buri jangali va chimtoliyu khokistari beshai darakhtoni pahnbarg, beshtar olash mesabzad; inchunin darakhtoni momroz, zayzafun, shimtol fark, bulut, bisyor darakhtu buttahoi yoboii mevador meruyad.

Dar pastkhamihoi bayni kuhho va khoki kuhii khokistari va kuhii dashti beshai da- rakhtoni qaragay va tus, rastanihoi khushkidust (kserofitho) meruyand. 22% masohati Osetiyai Shimoli beshazor ast. Olami hayvonotash: ohu, nakhchir, gurbai jangali, guroz, khongul, khirs, gurg, ruboh, savsor va gayra; az parrandaho murgi hilol, tazarv, kabk mavjudand. Dar hamvoriho khoyandagon (kallamush, yurmon va gayra) va khargushho vomekhurand. Zubr, gavazn, sanjobi oltoy, sagi enotmonand ba iksa­mi in jo mutobiq kunonda shudaand. Dar boloobi daryohoi Seya, Ardon, Fi­agdon mamnugohi Osetiyai Shimoli hast.

            Aholi — asosan osetinho va rusho, inchunin ingushho, armaniho, gurjiho, ukrainho, kumiqho va gayra zindagi mekunand. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 kilometr2 74,6 kas (1980). Shahrho: Orjonikidze, Mozdok, Beslan, Alagir, Di­gora, Ardon.

            Ocherki tarikhi. Territoriyai Osetiyai Shimoli az davrai paleolit injonib maskun ast. Avval ba Kavkazi Shimoli skifho omadand (asri 7 to milod). Soni (asri 4 to milod) sarmatho vorid gashtand, ki az onho alanho judo shudand (dar okhiri asri 1 to milod). Dar okhiri asri 4 yurishi gunnho yak qismi alanhoro majbur kard, ki ba Evropai Garbi hijrat kunand, qismi boqimondai onho ba vodihoi daryohoi Kuban va Terek, inchunin ba kuhho kuchidand. Dar asrhoi 8—9 munosibathoi feodali tashakkul yoft. Dar asrhoi 9—10 davlati feodalii Ala­niya ba vujud omad.

Dini nasroni, ki az asri 7 az Vizantiya va bad az Gur- jiston ba in jo nufuz kard, dar asri 10 dini rasmi gardid. Asrhoi 10—13 alanho bo Gurjiston, Rusi Kievi va Vizantiya aloqahoi siyosi va tijorati doshtand. Dar asrhoi 8—12 tashakkuli khalqiyati alanu os (osetin) ogoz yoft. Dar natijai hujumi chingiziyon (1222—39) shumorai aholi kam shud, osori ziyodi madaniyati moddi nobud gasht. Osetinho majbur ba darahoi boloobi Terek, ba nishebnhoi janubi qatorkuhi Asosii Kavkaz kuchidand.

Mashguliyati asosii osetinho chorvodori, ziroatkori, (shikor, hunarmandiyu kosibi bud. Barqarorshavii quvvahoi istehsolkunanda boisi tashakkulu inkishofi munosibathoi feo­dali gardid, ki nobarobar rivoj meyoft. Khurofothoi gunoguni ruzgori padarshohiyu avlodi boqi monda budand. Osetiyai  Shimoli dar holati parokandagii feodali bud. Nohiyahoi garbii on az asri 16 ba knyazhoi Kabarda tobe shudand. Sharoiti vaznini iqtisodi va khavfi hujum az tarafi khonii Qrim va Turkiya Osetiyai  Shimoliro baroi bo Rossiya nazdik shudan vodor kard.

Dar arafai soli 1774 Osetiyai Shimoli ikhtiyoran ba Rossiya hamroh shud. In ikdom soli 1774 bo Sulhi Kuchuk-Qaynarii bo Turkiya bastai Rossiya sobit karda shud. Soli 1799 Osetiyai  Shimoli ba tufayli Rohi harbii gurji bo Gurjiston aloqamand gardid. Dar ibtidoi asri 19 yak qismi osetinho az kuhsor ba nohiyai rayoni Mozdok va ba hamvorii Vladikavkaz kuchida, ba zi- roatkori guzashtand. Dar okhiri asri 18— ibtidoi asri 19 tashakkuli khalqiyati ose­tin ba okhir rasid. Soli 1888 Rohi harbii osetini ba istifoda doda shud, ki on ba taraqqiyoti iqtisodii Osetiyai Shimoli musoidat kard.

Az miyonai asri 19 sanoati kuhkori taraqqi kard, solhoi 60 kadrhoi korgaroni mahalli tashakkul yoftand. Sokhta shudani rohi ohan Vladikavkaz — Rostovi labi Don ba taraqqiyoti kapitalistii Osetiyai Shimoli mu­soidat kard. Az solhoi 80 faoliyati jamiyatiyu siyosii shoir, revolyutsioner-demokrati osetin K. L. Khetagurov ogoz yoft. Dar miyonai soli 1903 dar Vladikavkaz tashkiloti sotsial-demokrat ba vu- jud omad, ki ba on yak guruh osetinho niz dokhil bud. Mehnatkashoni Osetiyai Shimoli dar Revolyutsiyai solhoi 1905—07 faolona ishtirok kardand. Solhoi 1909—17 ba kori bolshevikoni Osetiyai Shimoli va tamomi diyori Terek S. M. Kirov rohbary mekard.

Badi Revolyutsiyai fevrali 1917 dar Vla­dikavkaz 8 (21) mart Soveti deputathoi korgaron barpo shud, ki mohi may bo Soveti deputathoi soldatho muttahid gardid. Tobistoni 1917 tashkiloti revolyutsionii — demokra­tii «Kyormen» barpo gardid. Mohi marti 1918 Sezdi 2-yumi khalqhoi Terek dar Pyatigorsk tashkili Res­publikai Sovetii Terro elon kard, ki on ba hayati Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya dokhil shud. Dar davrai Jangi grajdani (1918— 20) territoriyai Osetiyai Shimoli yake az maydonhoi muhoribahoi shadid bud.

Dar Kavkazi Shimoli ba muborizai ziddi kontr­revolyutsiya G. K. Orjonikidze rohbari mekard. Dar okhiri marti 1920 Vla- dikavkazro Armiyai Surkh va partizando ozod kardand va Hokimiyati Soveti dar tamomi territoriyai Osetiyai Shimoli bar­qapop karda shud. 17noyabri 1920 dar sezdi khalqhoi viloyati Ter tashkili Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii  Gori elon karda shud, ki ba hayati on Osetiyai  Shimoli hamchun Okrugi Ose­tiya (Vladikavkaz) dokhil gardid. 7 iyuli 1924 Osetiyai Shimoli hamchun viloyati avtonomii Osetiyai  Shimoli judo karda shud.

5 dekabri 1936 on ba Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Osetiyai Shimoli tabdil doda shud. Dar solhoi Hokimiyati Sovett digargunihoi azim ba vujud omadand: iqtisodiyoti sotsialisti ba vujud omad, sanoati vaznin va sabuk khele taraqqi kard, khojagii qishloq kollektivonida shud, revolyutsiyai madani ba amal barovarda, baroi hamai sohahoi khojagi va madaniyat kadrhoi milli tayyor karda shudand. Khalqi osetin ba millati so­tsialisti tabdil yoft. Adabiyot va sanatash ru ba taraqqi nihod. Dar Osetiyai Shimoli mahsuloti umumii sanoati kalon nisbat ba soli 1913 dar soli 1940 26 marotiba, shumorai korgaron 7 marotiba ziyod shud. Maydoni kisht soli 1940 nisbat ba 1913 ba andozai 71,5% afzud.

Dar davrai Jangi Bueurgi Vatani (1941—.45) avgust-dekabri 1942 dar territoriyai Osetiyai Shimoli muhoribahoi sakht meraftand; ibtidoi soli 1943 qushunhoi fashistoni nemis az Osetiyai Shimoli pesh karda shudand. Dar solhoi jang baroi qahramoni, mardonagi va kornamoihoi mehnati ziyoda az 60 hazor mehnatkashoni Osetiyai Shimoli bo ordenu medalho mukofotonida shudand. Dar solhoi badi jang khojagii khalq purra barqaror gardida, minbad taraqqi kard. Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Osetiyai Shimoli bo ordeni Lenin (1964), ordeni Dustii Khalqho (1972) va ordeni Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr (1974) mukofo­tonida shudaast.

Khojagii khalq. Solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti dar khojagii khalqi Osetiyai Shimoli digargunihoi kulli ba vujud omadand: sanoati mutaraqqii bisyorsoha va khojagii qishloqi sermahsul ba vujud ovarda shud. Sohahoi asosii sanoat: metal- lurgiyai ranga, kuhkori, moshinsozi, elektrotekhniki, istehsoli shirai qand va gayra. Istehsoloti charmu poyafzol, chubgari, duzandagi, trikotaj, qolin va gayra taraqqi kardaast.

Ziyoda az 90% kuvvai elektri respublikaro GES-ho medihand; GES-i Gizeldon, ki muvofiqi plani GOELRO sokhta shudaast, GES-i Orjonikidze va Ezmin (dar daryoi Terek). TES-hoi Beslan va Digor bo gazi tabii kor mekunad. Sanoati shisha va chinivoru fayans — zarfhoi shishagi, shishai vakuumi, chinivori, elektrotekhniki va oroishi (Orjonikidze); sanoati masolehi binikori khisht, masolehi devorbobi silikati, keramzit, masnuoti ohanu- betoni istehdsol mekunad.

Sanoati sa­buk taqriban 11% mahsuloti sanoati Osetiyai Shimoliro medihad. Sanoati khurokvori taqriban. 30 korkhonai kaloni sanoati dorad. Korkhonahoi ohanu shirai qandi Osetiyai Shimoli dar Evropa yake az kalontarin korkhonaho meboshand. Az ziroat beshtar juvorimakka kisht mekunand. Inchunin sabzavot ahamiyati kaloni khojagi dorad. 1 yanvari soli 1982 dar Osetiyai Shimoli in qadar chorvo bud (ba hisobi hazor cap) gov — 111,9, khuk — 118,7, buzu gusfatad —130,0. Soli 1979 fakultai kalo­ni murgparvarii Orjonikidze ba kor

daromad. Yak sovkhozi khargushparvari va 2 sovkhozi parvarishi zanburi asal dorad.

Osetiyai Shimoliro magistrali rohi ohan. Kavkazi Shimoli Rostovi labi Don — Beslan — Boku burida meguzarad. Darozii rohi ohan—149 kilometr (1974). Darozii rohhoi moshingard —1908 kmloietr. Rohi kaloni moshingardi Moskva—Tbili­si — Erevan az territoriyai respublika me­guzarad. Rohi harbii gurji va Rohi harbii osetiya az Osetiyai  Shimoli cap meshavad. Gazoprovodi Stavropol—Groz­niy va Orchonikidze — Tbilisi mavjud ast.

Respublika ba digar nohiyahoi SSSR metallhoi ranga va kamyob, khulahoi sakht, asbobhoi daqiq, motogenerator, kontaktor, plitahoi gaz, masolehi binokori, shishai vakuumi, elektroizolyator, dekstrin, kislotai sulfat, ohar, shirai qand va gayra medihad; az digar nohiyaho vositahoi mekhanikoni va avtomatoni, chubu takhta, sement, suzishvori va gayra megirad.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Soli 1913 dar Osetiyai Shimoli hamagi 11 muassisai tabobati bo 223 kat va 20 ambulatoriyai feldsheri bud; ba tamomi nohiya 61 dukhtur khizmat mekard. Soli 1981 kasalkhonahoi respublika ziyoda az 7,5 hazor kat dosht; 3,4 hazor dukhtur, 6,5 hazor kormandi miyonai tibbi kor mekard. Kadrhoi tibbi dar Instituti davlatii tibbii O. Sh. (Orjonikidze) va omuzishgodi tibbi tayyor karda meshavand. Kurorthoi Karmadon, Tamisk, Sey, 8 sanatoriya mavjudand. Respublika yake az markazhon turizm va alpinizmi SSSR meboshad.

Maorifi khalq va muassisahoi madannyu marifati. To soli 1917 dar Osetiyai Shimoli dar 165 maktab 17,1 hazor, dar 2 maktabi makhsus taqriban 100 talaba tahsil mekard; maktabi oli nabud. So­li tahsili 1981/82 dar maktabhoi talimi umumy 103,5 hazor talaba, dar omuzishgohhoi kasbhoi tekhniki 10,7 hazor talaba, dar maktabhoi miyo­nai makhsus_ 14,6 hazor talaba, dar 4 maktabi oli (Universiteti Osetiyai Shimoli, Instituti khojagii qishloq Gori, Instituti tibbii Osetiyai Shimoli, Instituti kuhkoriyu metallurgii Kavkazi Shi­moli dar Orjonikidze) 19,5 hazor stu­dent tahsil mekard. Soli 1981 dar muassisahoi to maktabi 29,7 hazor kudak tarbiya meyoft.

Dar soli 1981 502 kitobkhona, 538 klub, 8 muzey, 172 dastgohi kino, 4 teatr, qasri pioneron, stansiyai tabiatshinosoni javon mavchud bud.

Muassisahoi ilmi. Soli 1975 respub­lika 12 muassisai ilmi dosht. Soli 1925 dar asosi Jamiyati tarikhu filo­logiya i Osetiya (tasisash 1918) Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii tarikh, iqtisodi­yot, zabon va adabiyoti Osetiyai Shimoli (dar Orjonikidae) barpo karda shud. Digar muassisahoi ilmi: filiali

Instituti umumiittifoqii tadqiqoti ilmi va loihakashiyu konstruktorii «Svetmetavtomatika”i Kavkazi Shimoli (1959, Orjonikidze), filiali Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii umumiittifoqii mahsuloti ohari Kavkazi Shimoli (1959, Beslan), Instituti tadqiqotp ilmii khojagii  qishloqi kuhi va nazdikuhii Kavkazi Shimoli (1971, qishloqi Mi­khaylovskoe) va gayra mavjudand.

Adabiyot. Tarikhi adabiyoti khattii osetinho ziyoda az sad solro darbar megirad. Takhmin meravad, ki achdodoni osetinhoi hozira-alanho hanuz dar asri 5 milod khat doshtand; dar asrhoi miyona podshohii alanhoro chingiziyon toru mor kardand. Ananai madani qat gardid va dar tuli asrho dar khususi osori khattii yagonmalumoti daqiqe omada narasidaast.

Osori ejodiyoti dahanakii khalqi osetin khele buzurg va az jihati janr gunogun ast: eposi nartho, dostonho dar borai qahramonihoi da­redzanho, afsona, surud, zarbulmasal, masal, naqlu rivoyatho va gayra. Dar miyonai asri 18 behtarin namoyandagoni khalq baroi bo Rossiya hamroh shudan dar bayni mardum tashviqot burdand. Dar asosi hurufoti rusi khati osetini ba vujud omad va soli 1798 av- valin kitob ba zaboni osetini («Ka­tekhizisi mukhtasar») nashr gardid.

Soli 1865 T. Mamsurov (1843—98) avvalin sheri khudro ba zabota osetini navisht, vale ejodiyoti u faqat dar zamoni soveti dastrasi khonandagon gardid. Publisisthoi solhoi 60—70 asri 19, ki asosan ba zaboni rusi (A. Gassiev, I. Kanunov, A. Ardasenov) va G. Liakhveli-Chochnev ba gurji menavishtand, kushish doshtand dar bayni khalq prinsinhoi navi ideologiro pahn kunand. Adib, mutafakkir va hodimi namoyoni jamiyatii osetinho dar asri 19 K Khetagurov (1859—1906) bud. Az hamzamononi Khetagurov I. Kanunov (1851—99), A.

Kubalov (1871—1944), B. Gurchibeti (1868—1905) namoyonand. Asri 19 baroi adabiyoti osetin davrai tashakkul bud. Dar ibtidoi asri 20 matbuoti millii osetini, dramaturgiya va nasr ba vujud omad. E. Britaev (1881—1923),

S. Gadiev (1856—1915), A. Kosoev (1872—1944), S. Gadiev (1883—1931) va digar ejodkoroni dramaturgiya va nasri osetini budand, ki ananahoi Khetagurovro davom doda, ba adabiyot masala va qahramonhoi nav —muborizoni rohi ozodii milli va ijtimoiro dokhil kardand.

Dar davrai soveti adabiyoti ose­tin baroi taraqqiyoti hamatarafa zamina paydo kard. Dar solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti asarhoi navisandagon S. Gadiev, G. Barakov (1890—1937),  Bagraev (1888—1941) va digar bo ruhiyai muboriza baroi di- gargunsozihoi revolyutsioni faro girifta shuda budand. Solhoi 1924—25 dar nazdi Assotsiasiyai moskvagii Manorahoi navisandagoni proletari guruhi jangii nazdi osetini «Ziu» tashkil yoft. Soli 1927  dar Osetiyai Janubi nashri jurnali «Fidiuag» («Jorchi») ogoz yoft. Solhoi 30 acaphoi kaloni epiki ba vujud omadand, drama jonnok shud.  Nashri jurnalhoi «Literaturon kaeueton» («Zarbdori adabiyot», 1932—33), jurnali yakmohai «Makh dug» («Zamoni mo», az soli 1934) ogoz yoft.

Ittifoqhoi navisandagoni Osetiyai Shimoli  va Osetiyai Janubi tashkil karda shudand. Mavzui asosii adabiyoti in davra hayoti dehoti zamoni kollektivoni bud: po­vesti S. Gadiev «Shani niyokon» (1931), romani D. Mamsurov «Operasiyai vaznin» (1939) va gayra. Ananai rivoyati tarikhi niz taraqqi kard (romanhoi K. Farnion «Sadoi tufon» 1932; Bosiev «Zanjiri gusis- ta», 1935 va digar). Dar sohai nazm ham komyobihoi kalon ba dast ovarda shudand. khususan dar janri dos­ton: asarhoi M. Kamberdiev (1909— 31), X. Pliev (1908—66) va digar. Dar davrai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani bisyor navisandagon dar front bu­dand. Dar solhoi badi jang asarhoi kalon ba vujud omadand, ki ba darki davrahoi tarikhii hayoti khalq bakhshida shudaand.

Adabiyoti bachagona niz taraqqi kard: asarhoi G. Jatiev (tavallud 1910), D. Tuaev (1903— 64), S. Britaev (1898—1961) va digar. Robitahoi adabiyoti osetin bo ada­biyoti digar khalqhoi SSSR mustahkam gardid, kori tarjumoni vusat yoft. Solhoi 60—70 asarhoe ofarida shu­dand, ki bisyorii onho ba mavzuhoi zamonavi bakhshida shudaand. Nasli nav ba maydani nazm baromad: S. Bestauti (tavallud 1932), X. Dzussati (tavallud 1935), V. Maliev (tavallud 1938), K. Khodov (tavallud 1942) va digar. Dar sohai tanqid va adabiyotshinosi X. Ardasenov (1911—68), A. Khadarsev (tavallud 1920), G. Gagiev (tavallud 1932) va digar quvvaozmoi mekunand.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1974 dar respublika 141 nomgui kitobu broshyura nashr meshud. Gazetahoi res­publikavii «Rastdzinad» («Haqi- qat», ba zaboni osetini, az soli 1923), «Sotsialisticheskaya Osetiya» (az 1917), gazetai komsomolii «Molodoy kom­munist» (az 1928); jurnali adabiyu ba­dei va ijtimoiyu siyosii «Makh dug» («Zamoni mo», ba zaboni osetini, az 1934), almanakhi «Sovetskaya Ose­tiya» (az 1948), «Bloknot agitatora» (az 1945) va gayra nashr meshavand. Ra­dio va televizioni mahalli va markazi ba zabonhoi osetini va rusi kor mekunand.

Memori va sanati tasviri. Qadimtarin osori sanat, ki dar territoriyai Osetiyai Shimoli yoft shudaand, ba hazorai 3 to milod taalluq dorad. Az davrai skifho (asri 7 to milod) masnuoti rekhtai birinji, az jumla ashyohoi dinu oine omada rasidaand, ki bo surati hayvonot zinat yoftaand. Osori sanati alanho khele bisyor yoft shudaast, ki nishonahoi onro dar ejodiyoti hozi- rai khalqii osetin didan muikin ast. Barobari pahn shudani masehiyat (az asri 10) sokhtmoni ibodatkhonaho avj girift (kalisoi dehai Nuzal, asrhoi 10—12). Dar shahri Tatartul vayronahoi masjidu manoraho boqi mondaand (asri 14).

Dar kuhiston dar asrhoi miyona az sang devorhoi qalaho, manorahoi didboni bunyod shu­daand. Markazi dizakhoi asrimiyonagi maydonho — <nikhas»-ho budand. Qasabahoi vodiho dar sohili daryoho va rohhoi kalon voqe budand Dar asrhoi 18—19 dar kuhsor beshtar khonahoi duoshyonai bisyorhujrai sangin va dar vodiho khonahoi pokhsagin va badtar khishtini rostkunja sokhta meshudand.

Dar shahrhoi okhiri asri 19 — ibtidoi asri 20 (dar Mozdok va Orjonikidze) beshtari binoho dar ruhi eklektizm va bazan bo uslubi «modern» sokhta shudand. Dar davrai soveti plani generalii navsozi va taraqqii shahri Orjonikidze ba amal barovarda meshavad. Sokhtmon khususan az solhoi 50 khele avj girift (memoron A. I. Btemirov, T. M. Bulae­va, G. V. Chinavoryan. va gayra). Soli 1936 shubai Osetiyai Shimolii Ittifoqi memoroni Respublikai Sovetii Federativii Sotsialistii Rossiya tasis yoft.

Zarduzi va yaroqhoi sernaqshu nigor yake az qadimtarin namudhoi sanati khalqi mebonand. Asbobu afzori asp niz zarduzy va khotamkori karda meshud. Dar okhiri asri 19 avvalin rassomi osetini K. L. Khetagu­rov faoliyati ejodii khudro cap kard, ki payravi rassomoni mayli demokrati doshtai rus bud. Badi Revolyutsiyai Kabiri  Sotsialistii  Oktyabr dar taraqqiyoti sanati Osetiyai Shimoli rassomon M. S. Tuganov, A. 3. Khokhov, V. L. Lakisov,

  1. V. Khasieva, haykaltaroshon barodaron Dzantievkhyu, S. M. Endziev, S. D. Tavasiev sahmn kalon guzosh- tand. Soli 1939 Ittifoqi rassomoni soveti Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Osetiyai Shimoli barpo kar­da shud (az 1968 — Ittifoqi rasso­moni Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii Osetiyai Shimoli), solhoi 50-70 sanati monumentali (S. D. Ta- vasiev) inchunin mujassamahoi portreti va mujassamahoi khurd (Ch. U. Dzayazagov, A. M. Dzadtiev, S. P. Sanakoev va digar) taraqqi kard. Dar in solho dar sanati grafika va oroishi teatri, dar sanati oroishi amali muvaffaqiyathoi kalon ba dast ovarda shudand (3. P. Aboev, 10. G. Bigaev, V. N. Ksoev va dig.).

Musiqi va teatr. Musiqii khalqii osetini az surudu dostonhoi epiki va inchunin sozu navoho iborat ast. Dar bayni khalq surudhoi tarikhii qahramoni, mehnati, bazmi, ishqi, hajvi, alla (surudhoi modar), surudhoi tuyu marosimi mamuland.

Surudhoro chun qoida khori mardona mesaroyad. Khori mardona bisyor ovoza, duovozayu seovoza, qismi ziyodi surudkhoi zanona boshad yakovoza ast. Asosi musiqii osetani diatoni ast. Musiqii instrumentalii osetini aksar az ohanghoi raqsi iborat ast. Jamovari va sabti folklori musiqii Osetiyai Shimoli az okhiri  asri 19 cap shuda bud. Majmuahoi «Folklori musiqii osetini» (194S), «Surudhoi khalqii osetini» (1964, girdovaranda B. A. Galaev) nashr shudaand.

Sanati kasbii musiqi badi Revolyutsiyai Oktyabri 1917 ba vujud omad. To solhoi 50 asarhoi khurdi musiqi ejod karda meshudand. Dar solhoi 50—60 bastakoron X. S. Pliev (operai «Ko­sta», operettaho, surudho), D. S. Khakhanov (simfoniyaho, opera, baletho, konsertho, asarhoya vokaliyu khori), I. G. Gabaraev (operahoi «Azau», «Ollana», simfoniya, romans, musiqi baroi asarhoi dramavi) va digar asarho ejod kardaand. Dar Osetiyai Shimoli teatri musiqi, filarmoniya (1945), or­kestri simfoni, ansambli raqsii «Alan» (1966), Jamiyati khori (1959), omuzishgohi sanat, omuzishgohi musiqii pedagogi, 11 maktabi musiqii bachagona kor mekunand. Soli 1939 Ittifoqi bastakoroni Respublikai Avtonomii Sovetii Sotsialistii  Osetiyai Shimoli tasis yoft.

Sarchashmai teatri kasbii osetini bozi va namoishhoi khalqiand. Az soli 1904 dar Vladikavkaz, dehahoi Ardon, Olginskoe, Khristianovskoe, Alagir avvalin spektaklhoi havaskoron ba zaboni osetini ba sahna guzoshta shuda budand. Dar Osetiyai Janubi, Boku, Tbilisi krujokhoi dramavii osetini amal mekardand. Sanati milli, kasbii osetini badi dar Osetiyai Shimoli barqaror shudani Khokimiyati Soveti tashakkul yoft. Dar sahnai teatrhoi Osetiyai  Shimoli asarhoi klassikoni dramaturgiyai jahoni va rus, asahoi dramaturgii khalqhoi barodari soveti niz namoish doda meshavand. Dar tayyor kardani kadrhoi millii teatri khizmati maktabhoi olii teatrii Moskva khele kalon ast. Dar shahri Orjonikidze az soli 1871 injonib teatri dramai rusi kor mekunad.

Adabiyot: T o t a e v M. S., Ocherki istorii kulturi i obshestvennoy misli v Se­vernoy Osetii v poreformenniy period, Ordjonikidze, 1957; Serebryanaya M. I., Geografiya Severnoy Osetii, Ord­jonikidze, 1969; Istoriya Severo-Osetin­skoy Avtonomnoy Sosetskoy Sosialisticheskoy Respubliki, kniga: 1—2, Moskva—Ordjonikidze, 1959—66; A r d a s e n o v X. N., Ocherk is­torii osetinskoy sovetskoy literaturi, Ordjonikidze, 1967; Puteshestvie v drev­niy Iriston, Moskva, 1974; Ekonomika i kultura Severnoy Osetii, Ordjonikid­ze. 1967.

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SAFEDORON, dehaest dar Soveti qishloq Hakimii rayoni Komsomolobodi Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Tojikiston. Territoriyai sovkhozi «Chorsada». …