Optika

Optika (yunoni optike — ilm dar boram idroki bosiri, az optos — namoyon), yak fasli fizikaro guyand, ki dar on tabiati afkakishi optiki (rushnoy), pakhnoishi on dar muhithoi gunoguni fiziki va hodisahoe, ki hangomi tasiri mutaqobili rushnoi va modda ba amal meoyand, omukhta meshavand.

Afkanishoti op­tiki yake az namudhoi mavjhoi elek­tromagniti ast, binobar in Optika yak qismi talimoti umumi dar borai maydoni elektromagniti meboshad. Diapazoni optikii darozihoi mavj (X) khele vase buda, az yak taraf bo shuohoi rentgeni (X yakchand A) va az tarafi digar bo diapazoni mik- roradiomavjho (X az yakchand to dahho millietr) mahdud ast. Optikaro asosan ba se qism: fiziki, geometri va fizi­ologi judo mekunand.

Dar Optikai fiziki masalahoe barrasi meshavand, ki 66 hodisahoi rushnoi va tabiati on aloqamandand (nigared Difraksiyai rushnoi; Inter- ferensiyai rushnoi). Majmui hodisahoero, ki dar onho tabiati mavjii rushnoi zuhur meyoband, Optikai fi­ziki va Optikai mavji meomuzad. Asosi onro muodilahoi umumii elektrodinamikai klassiki (muodilahoi Maksvell) tashkil medihand. Dar ayni hol khosiyathoi muhit bo sobitahoi materialii makroskopi tadokhuli dielektri e va tadokhulya magniti r, ki dar muodilahoi Maks­vell chun koeffisientho mavjudand, ifoda meyoband. In sobitaho nishondihandai shikasti muhitro daqiq muayyan mekunand: p = Ues.

Muvofiqi prinsiphoi Optikai mavjii klassiki parametrhoi muhit ba intensiviyati rushnoi vobastagi nadorand, binobar on avvalho prosesshoi optiki bo muodilahoi diffe­rensiali tavsif karda meshudand. Ammo badtar malum shud, ki dar bisyor holatho, makhsusan hangomi intensiviyati kaloni selhoi rushnoi, aqidai mazkur nodurust budaast. Dar ayni zamon hodisa va qonuniyathoi tamoman nav oshkor gardidand, ki onqoro optikai gayrikhatti meomuzad.

Optikai mavji pahnshavii rushnoiro dar muhithoi materiali nagz tavsif karda boshad prosesshoi ikhroj va furuburdi rushnoiro ba tavri qanoatbakhsh sharh, doda natavonist. Tadqiqi in guna prosessho (fotoeffekt, tabdiloti fotokhimiyavii molekulaho, qonuniyathoi spektrhon optiki va g.) va mulohizahoi umumii termodinami­ki dar borai tasiri mutaqobili maydoni- elektromagnitiyu modda ba chunin khulosa ovardand, ki sistemam elementari (atom, molekula) ba may­doni elektromagniti faqat bo voyahoi diskretii (kvanthoi) mutanosib ba basomadi shuoafkani (v) energiya doda (yo khud, baraks, az on energiya girifta) metavonad.

Binobar on maydoni elektromagnitii rushnoiro bo seli kvanthoi rushnoi — fotonhoe, ki dar vakuum bo surati rushnoi      (s = 2,99 • 10¹⁰ santimetr/soniya) pahn meshavand, muvofiq guzoshtan lozim ast. Hodisahoe, ki dar onho hangomi tasiri mutaqobili rushonoi va modda khosiyathoi kvantii sistemahoi elementari ba ahamiyati kalon sohiband, dar Optikai k v a i t i (bo usulhoi mekhanikai kvanti va elektrodinamikai kvan- ti) omukhta meshavand, ammo hodisahoi optikiero, ‘ki bo tagyiryobii holathoi khususii sistemahoi kvan­ti aloqamand nestand, az nuqtai nazari tasavvuroti mavjii klassi­ki va fotoni sharkh dodan mumkin ast.

Hamai sohahoi Optika ahamiyati amali dorand. Masalahoi oqilona rav- shan kardani kuchaho, binoho, joyhoi kor dar istehsolot va gayraro tekhnikai rushnoi dar asosi Optikai geo­metri va fotometriya hal mekunad: dar ayni zamon muvaffaqiyathoi Optikai fiziki (masalan, baroi bunyodi manbahoi lyuminessentii rushnoi) va tekhnologiyai optiki (sokhtani oinaho, filtrhoi rushnoi, ekranho va gayra) hamajoniba istifoda meshavand.

Hodisahoi optiki va usulhoi dar Optika korkardashudaro bo maqsadhoi tahlilu taftish dar sohahoi gunoguni ilm va tekhnika farovon istifoda mebarand. Makhsusan usulhoi tahlili spektr iyulyuminessentie, ki ba aloqamandii strukturai atomu mo­lekulaho bo kharakteri spektrhoi ikhrochu furuburd va spektrhoi parokanishi kombinasionii rushnoi asos yoftaand, ahamiyati kalon do­rand. Az rui spektrho va tagyiryo­bii onkho bo mururi vaqt yo az ta­siri omilhoi beruna ba modda tarkibi molekulaviyu atomi, holati agregati, harorati moddaro muayyan kardan, rafti prosesshoi fizikiyu khimiyaviro dar modda tadqiq kar­dan mumkin ast.

Istifodai lazerho dar spektroskopiya boisi inkishofi puravji raviyai navi on — spektroskopiyai lazeri gardid. Tahlili spektri va lyuminessentiro dar sohahoi gunoguni fizika, astrofizika, geofizika va fizikai bahr, khimiya, biologiya, tib, tekhnika, inchunin dar yak qator ilmhoi gumanitari-sanatshinosi, krimina­listika va gayra istifoda mebarand. Dar bisyor sohahoi ilmu tekhnika boshad, Optika roli asosi mebozad.

Optika yake az fanhoi qadimtarin bu­da, dar hamai davrahoi taraqqiyoti khud bo ehtiyojoti amalii odamon zich aloqamand bud. Rostkhattagii pahnoishi rushnoi hanuz 5 hazor sol pesh az milod ba mardumi Baynannahrayn (Mesopotamiya) malum bud va dar Misri Qadim dar korhoi sokhtmon istifoda meshud. Arastu (asri 4 to milod), ki ba optikai_ atmosferi mashgul bud, paydoishi  ranginkamonro chun inikosi’ rushnoi az qatrahoi ob medonist. Dar khudi hamin asr Aflotun du qonuni mukhimtarini Optikai geometri:            rostkhattagii shuohoi rushnoi va barobarii kunjkhoi aftishu inikosi rushnoiro tarif dodaast. Abualii Basri (965—1039) dar “Kitob-ul-manozir” (“Optika”) nom nom asarash sokhti chashm va inikosu shikasti rushnoiro  dar muhithoi gunogun tadqiq kardaast. Evk­lid (asri 3 to milod) dar asarhoi doir ba Optika navishtai khud paydoishi tasvirhoro hangomi inikosi rushnoi az oina muoina kardaast.

Taraqqiyoti minbadai Optika bo ikhtiroi teleskop (G. Galiley, 1609) va kashfiyothoi astronomi, difraksiya va interferensiyai rushnoi (F. Grimaldi, 1665), fishori rushnoi (P. N. Lebe­dev, 1899), paydoishi nazariyai elektromagnitii on (J. K. Maks­vell, solhoi 80 asri 19) va gayra zich vobasta ast. L. Eyler, M. V. Lomonosov, D. S. Rojdestvenskiy, I. Nyuton, X. Gyuygens, A. G. Stoletov, M. Plank va digar bo korkhoi ilmii khud dar taraqqiyoti sohahoi alohidai Optika hissai muayyan guzoshtaand.

Dar ikhtiroi usulhoi navi tadqiqot dar sohai Optika va tatbiqi onho khizmati olimoni soveti (S. I. Va­vilov G. S. Landsberg, L. I. Mandelishggem, Yu. N. Denpskj, N. G. Ba­sov, R. V. Khokhlov, A. M. Prokhorov va digarho) bagoyat kalon ast. Sokhahoi gunoguni Optika va tatbiqi amalii on dar Tojikistoi niz mavridi tadqiqoti ilmi qaror giriftaast.

Dar Universiteti Davlatii Tojikiston ba nomi Vladimir Ilich Lenin doir ba bunyodi lazerho, khosiyathoi shuohoi lazeri va tatbiqi onkho dar korkhoi sokhtmon (masalan, dar sokhtmoni GES-i Noraok), takhlili spektri, gologra­fiya va istifodai on, khosiyathoi optikii moddaho dar holat va sharoithoi gunogun va gayra yak qator korhoi ilmii samarabakhsh ijro karda shudaand. Dar laboratoriyahoi optika va spektrokoliya, optoakustika va elektronikai kvantii Instituti fizika va tekhnikai ba nomi S. U. Umarovi Akademiyai Fanhoi Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii  Tojikiston masalahoi mukhtalifi tahlili spektri hal karda mesha­vand.

Adabiyot: L a n d s b e r g G. S., Optika, Moskva 1976; Born M., Osnovi optiki, perevod s angliyskogo, 2 izdanie, Moskva, 1973.