Okrugi Avtonomii Neneshoi Yamal

Okrugi Avtonomii Neneshoi Yamal, dar hayati viloyati Tyume­ni RSFSR. 10 dekabri 1930 tashkil shudaast. Dar Aqsoi Shimol, dar hamvorii Sibiri Garbi voqe gardidaast; 50% territoriyai on dar pasi Doirai Qutbi Shimoli joy dorad. Onro bahri Kara ihota kardaast. Jazirahoi Beliy, Oleniy, Shokalskiy va gayra ba on dokhiland. Masohat 750,3 hazor kilometr². Aholiash 158 hazor nafar (1979). Ba 7 rayoni mamuri taqsim shuda, 3 shahr va 2 posyolkai tipi shahr dorad. Markazash shahri Salekhard.

            Tabiat. Territoriyai Okrug 2 nimjazirai kalon: Yamal va Gidanskro darbar megirad, ki onhoro khalijakhoi Ob va Tazovskiy az hamdigar judo kardaand. Dar Garb khalijaki Baydarask, dar Shimol khalijakhoi Gidanskiy va Yunask voqeand. Sathash pasti hamvor (balandii miyona 100 metr) ast. Dar Garb qitai boriki nishebii sharqii Urali Qutbi tul kashidaast.

Iqli­mash kontinenti. Zimistonash qahratuni darozmuddat ast, zud-zud tufon mekhezad. Harorati miyonai yanvar az —24,5° Selsiya (jazirai Beliy) to —25,7°Selsiya (Noviy Port). Tobistonash kutohu salqin va nisbatan khunuk; harorati miyonai iyul 3,6—40,2° Selsiya. Dar qismi janubi okrug beshtar kontinentist; harorat miyonai iyul 14,4—15,3° Selsiya. Borishoti solona 220—420 milimetr.

Davrai nashv az 44 shaboruz dar Shimol, to 120 shaboruz dar Janub, dar qismi ziyodi territoriya yakhbandii doimi dida meshavad. Daryohoi kalonash — Ob, Taz, Pur, Na­dim, Messoyakha va gayra ba havzai bajri Kara mansuband. Kuli bisyor dorad; kalontarini onho — Yarroto, Neyto va Yambuto. Khoki qismi shimol Okrug tundraviyu gleii botloqy, qismi janub gleiyu khokistari, khokistariyu botloqist.

Khoki sohili daryohoi kalon allyuviali va gildor ast. 3/₅  qismi territoriyai Okrugro tundra va beshatundra faro giriftaast. Dar qismi janubi Okrug beshai darakhtoni suzanbarg, koj, jalguza meruyad. Dar tundra gavazni shimoli,. zargush, qoqum, dar qismi janubi samur, sanjob, sanjobi sibiri va az parrandaho kab­iki safedu tundravi, chilmurg va gayra vomekhurand. Daryo va kulho az mohi boyand, khalijakhoi Ob va Tazovskiy belukha, nerpa dorand.

            Aholi. Dar Okrug rusho, nenesho, khantiho, komiho, selkupho va digar zindagi mekunand. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 kilometr² 0,2 kas. Aholi asosan dar sohili daryoi Ob va dig. daryohoi kalon, dar qismi janub khalijaki Ob joygir shudaast. Shahrho: Sale­khard, Nadim, Labitnangi.

            Malumoti tarikhi. Inson dar in territoriya dar davrai neolit maskun shu­da bud. Dar davrai birinji shikorchiyonu mohigiron dar sohilhoi daryohoi Ob va Taz dar zaminkanho istiqomat karda bo qabilahoe, ki ba madaniyati androni mansub budandu dar beshadashtu dahthoi janub zindagi mekardand, az jihati etniki ba ham khele nazdik budand. Aholii tahjoi dar nimai duyumi hazorai 1 to milod hayoti muqimi ba cap burda bo shikor, mohigiri va shikori hayvonhoi bahri mashgul bu­dand.

Nenesho dar hazorai 2 milod dar mintaqai tundra ga- vaznparvariro rivoj dodand. Munosibathoi jamoai ibtidoi hukmron bud. Sanoatchiyon va savdogaroni (novgorodiho) rus dar asri 11 ba in sarzamnn cap da- rovardand. Dar okhiri asri 16 on ba Rossiya hamrod karda shud. Soli 1595 dar rezishgohi daryoi Ob dehai Obdorsk (shahri Salekhardi hozira) va soli 1601 shahri Mangazeya sokhta shud.

Dar asri 19 ba tavri ommavi ba havzai Ob kuchidani komiyu ziryanhoi Pasi Ural cap shud. Asrhoi 18— 19 dar bayni aholii nazdi Obi Po­yon munosibathoi feodali, badtar moliyu pulii kapitalisti paydo shud. Amaldoronn Rossiyai podshohi ba gardani nenesho, khantiho, selkupho andozi ziyod bor kardand, sanoatchiyoni rus va savdogaron komiyu ziryanhoro berahmona istismor mekardand.

Aholi besavod bud, az gurusnagi va bemori memurd. Solhoi 1820—40 tahti rohbarii Vaula Piettomin shurishi kaloni kambagaloni khantiyu nenesho barkhost. Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr mardumi Shimoli Obro az zulmi milli va istismor ozod namud. Apreli 1918 dar Obdorsk Hokimiyati Soveti barpo karda shud, ammo dar territoriyai viloyat to okhiri soli 1921 jangi grajdani meraft.

Organhoi hokimiyat dar mahalho — Sovetho bu­dand, ki dar kori oidi rusho, ne­nesho, khantiho va komiho ishtirok mekardand. Territoriyai hozirai Okrug to soli 1930 avval dar hayati uezdhoi Beryozovskiy va Surguti gub. Tyumen, bad dar hayati payoni Obdorski ok­rugi Toboli viloyati Ural dokhil bud. Okrug soli 1944 ba viloyati Tyumen hamroh karda shud.

Az ibtidoi soli 1930 to 1940 khojagihoi gavazpparvari va shikorchiyonu mohidoron kollektivonida shudand. Dar hamin davra posyolkahoi obod sokhta shudand. Aholii kuchmanchi ba hayoti muqimi meguzasht, Shabakai maktabhoi malumoti umumi, muassisahoi madani va tabobati vusat yoft, intelligensiyai milli ba vujud omad. Khalqi rus dar sokhtmoni sotsializm ba khalqi mahalli yorii kalon rasond. Mehnatkashoni okrug solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani dar frontho dalerona mejangidand va dar aqibgoh meh­nat mekardand. Okrug bo ordeni Bayraqi Surkhi Mehnat (1971) va ordeni Dustii Khalqho (1972) mukofotonida shud._

            Khojagi. Sanoati gaz va mohi dar iqtisodiyoti. Okrug joi asosiro megirad.

Gavaznparvari, shikori hayvonoti muinador va mohidori sohahoi ananavii khojagiand. Istehsoli mahsuloti sanoati dar solhoi 1941—77 101 marotiba afzud. Soli 1960 dar territoriyai  Okrug zakhirai kaloni gaz kashf karda shud.

Gaz az konhoi Medveje, Urengoy, Komsomolskii Shimoli va Viganpurskoe istikhroj meshavad. 2 kombinat va 5 zavodi mohi (Salekhard, Tazovskiy, Noviy Port) dorad. Sanoati jangal va chubgari taraqqi kardaast. Sanoati masolehi binokori tashkil gardid. Soli 1978 0. 13 sovkhoz, 3,3 hazor gov, 2,0 hazor khuk, 0,3 hazor gusfand. 357 hazor gavazn dosht; on yake az kalontarin rayonhoi gavaznparva- rii mamlakat meboshad.

Okrug ba miqdori ziyod muina tayyor mekunad. Dar fermahoi parvarishi hayvonoti muinador rubohi nuqrafomi siyohchatob, rubohi kabudi shimoli va shagora meparvarand. Rubohi shimoli, samur, sanjob, qoqum ahamiyati kaloni khojagi dorand. Dar Salekhard stansiyai tajribavii khojagii qishloq kor mekunad, ki garmkhona va niholkhona dorad. Daryohoi Ob, Nadim, Taz, Pur kishtigardand.

Rohi bahrii Shimol ahamiyati kalon dorad. Baroi kashfi konhoi navi gaz va kashonidani chub rohi ohan Surgut — Urengoy sokhta shud. Salekhard ba vositai rohhoi khavoi bo yakchand shahrhoi SSSR payvast shudaast. Naqliyoti truboprovo­da ahamiyati kalon dorad. 4 khati gazoprovodi Nadim — Punga amal mekunad. Gazoprovodi Messoyakha — Norilsk (navbati 3-yum) Urengoy— Surgut — Chelyabinsk sokhta shud.

Sokhtmoni madani. Soli 1914 Okrug hamagi 3 maktabi ibtidoi dosht. Soli tahsili 1978/79 dar 60 maktabi malumoti umumi 27,3 hazor nafar, dar maktabhoi miyonai makhsus 1,1 hazor nafar talaba tahsil mekard. Soli 1979 Okrug 454 dukhtur, 1647 korkunoni miyonai tibbi va dar bemorkhonaho 1945 kat dosht. Soli 1978 dar muassisahoi tomaktabi 4,5 hazor nafar kudak tarbiya girift. Soli 1978 3 kitobkhonai ommavi, muzei kishvarshinosi (Sale­khard), 95 klub, 107 dastgohi filmnishondihi amal mekard.

Gazetahoi okrugi:  «Naryana ngerm» («Shimoli Surkh», az soli 1953, ba zaboni nenesi) va «Krasniy Se­ver» (az soli 1931) ba zaboni rusi nashr meshavand. Aholi barnomai yakumi Televizioni markaziro ba vositai sistemai «Orbita-3» tamosho mekunad, inchunin barnomai yakumi Radio» umumiittifoqi va mahalliro meshunavand.