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Oilai zabonho

Oilai zabonho, majmui zabonhoi khesh, ki az yak zaboni mabda ba vujud omadaand. Masalan, zabonhoi slavyani, balti, hindi, eroni, germani, romani, armani va gayra zabonhoi khesh shuda, Oilai zabonhoi hinduevropoiro (nigared zabondoi hinduevropoi) tashkil medihand. Miqdori Oilai zabonho dar adabiyoti ilmi har khel (20 va az on ziyodtar) qayd shudaast. Zabonhoi hinduevropoi, somiyu homi, kavkazi, finu ugori, turki, malayu polinezi va gayra Oilai zabonhoi kaloni dunyo meboshand.

Odatan, Oilai zabonho ba guruhhoi nisbatan khurd — shokhahoi zaboni judo mesha­vand. Masalan, zabonhoi eroni, slavyani, germani, hindi va gayra shokhahoi Oilai zabonhoi hinduevropoi, zabonhoi matruki misrii qadim, qubti, kushiti, chadi va gayra shokhai Oilai zabonhoi somiyu domiro tashkil medidand. Har yak shokhai zaboni, chun qoida az yakchand zabon­hoi ba ham nazdik iborat meboshad.

Chunonchi, ba shokhai zabonhoi eronii Oilai zabonhoi hinduevropoi guruhi zabon­hoi sharqi va garbii eroni dokhiland. Ammo zabonhoi judogona niz dastand, ki yak shokhai mustaqili Oilai zabonhoro tashkil mekunand (shokhahoi albani va armanii Oilai zabonhoi hindu­evropoi). Darajai kheshii shokhahoi zabonii Oilai zabonho  dar yak poya nest. Dar bayni baze shokhahoi zaboni tafovuti ziyod ba nazar namerasad.

Am­mo aksari shokhaho az ham chunon dur raftaand, ki muayyan namudani kheshii onho bo rohi tadqiqi muqoi- saviyu tarikhi muyassar megardad. Masalan, dar dokhili Oilai zabonhoi hinduevropoi shokhai eroni va hindi, slavyani va balti ba ham nazdikand. Bino- bar in onhoro zabonhoi hindueroni va baltuslavyani niz menomand. Ba hamdigar nazdik budan yo farqi zi­yod paydo kardani zabonu lahjahoi Oilai zabonho  ba muhiti jugrofi, taqdiri tarikhii sohiboni zabon, darajai tasiri mutaqobili onho, sokhti davlatdori va gayra vobasta ast.

Tafovut va monandii zabonho dar dokhi­li Oilai zabonho ba tarikhi zaboni mabda niz sakht marbut ast. Zabonhoe, ki dar guzashtai nazdik az zaboni mab­da judo shudaand (masalan, bisyor za­bondoi Oilai zabonhoi malayu polinezi, agarchi az ham dar masofai khele dur joygir shuda boshand ham, mubodilai afkor dar bayni namoyandagoni in zabonho ba osoni muyassar me­gardad), ba hamdigar khele monandand. Ziyod budani tafovuti bayni zabonhoi ba ham khesh, baraks nishon medihad, ki ba shokhaho judo shudani zaboni mabda dar zamoni khele qadim ba vuqu payvastaast.

Zabonhoe niz mavjudand (zaboni burushaski, baski, yaponi, shumeri va gayra), ki ba kadom Oilai zabonhotaalluq doshtanashonro ilmi zabonshinosi tain nakardaast. Az avvali paydoishi zabonshinosii muqoisavi masalan ba ham monand budani Oilai zabonhoi chudogona ba miyon omad. Masalan, baze olimon Oilai zabonhoi finu ugori va oltoiro ba Oilai zabonhoi uraliyu oltoi muttahid mekunand va tamomi zabondoi turkiyu muguli, tungusu manjuri va hatto zaboni koreiro ba on hamrod medonand.

Hodisai ba ham monand budani Oilai zabonhoi finu ugori va hinduev­ropoi ham az tarafi namoyandagoni zabonshinosii muqoisavi bayon shu­daast. Dar solhoi okhir zabonshino­sii muqoisavi dar bisyor sohaho (zabonshinosii oltoi, kartveli, somiyu homi va gayra) ba daqiq va amiq omukhtani zabonhoi mabdai Oilai zabonhoi judogona muvaffaq shudaast.

Dar natija, olimon dar asosi muqoisai zabon­hoi mabdai Oilai zabonhoi gunogun farziyai dar zamoni khele qadim az yak zaboni mabda (farziyai «zabonhoi nostrati — «zabonhoi khesh») paydo shudani yakchand Oilai zabonhoi kalonro ba miyon guzoshtaand. Az rui farziyai mazkur Oilai zabonhoi hinduevropoi, somiyu homi, uraliyu oltoi, kartveli, dravidi va gayra guyo ba ham khesh buda, qarobati ziyode dorand.

Adabiyot: M e y e A., Vvedenie v sravni­telnoe izuchenie indoevropeyskikh yazikov, Moskva— Leningrad, 1938; Oranskiy I. M„ Vvedenie v iranskuyu filologiyu, Moskva, 1960; Dyakonov I. M., Yaziki drevney Peredney Azii, Moskva, 1962; Ildich- S v i t i ch O. M., Opit sravneniya nostraticheskikh yazikov, tom 1—2, Moskva. 1971—76; Osnovi iranskogo yazikoznaniya. Drevne­iranskie yaziki, Moskva, 1979; Osnovi iran­skogo yazikoznaniya. Sredneiranskie yazi­ki, Moskva, 1982.

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SATO

SATO, asbobi musiqii torist, ki bo kamoncha menavozand. Sato dar bayni tojikoi, uzbekho, eroniyon, afgonho …