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Okhundov Mirzo Fathali

Okhundov Mirzo Fathali (12. 7. 1812, Sheki. hozira Nuho —10. 3. 1878, Tiflis), navisandai maorifparvari ozar, faylasufi materia­list. Asosguzori dramaturgiya va nasri realistii Ozarboyjon. Zabonhoi rusi, arabi va turkiro medonist. Dar Kavkaz dar idorai gumoshtai shoh (Tiflis, 1834—78) vazifai tarjumoniro ado menamud. Dar Omuzishgoqi uezdii Tiflis az zabonhoi forsi va turki dars guftaast. Faoliyati ejodii Okhundov az okhiri solhoi 20 asri 19 shuru shudaast. Asarhoi avvalini u qasidai «Shikoyat az za­mona» va «Poemai Sharq» (har du ba zaboni forsi) nom dorad. «Poe­mai Sharq» (tarjumai rusi 1837) dar borai buzurgi va maqomi Aleksandr Sergeevich Push­kin dar tarikhi adabiyoti rus va jahon va margi fojeavii shoir hikoyat mekunad.

Tabi ejodii Okhundov khususan dar dra­maturgiya khelo barjasta zohir gashtaast. Az soli 1850 to 1856 shash mazhaka ofarid, ki dar onho hayoti Ozarboyjoni nimai yakumi asri 19 ba tavri realisti inikos yoftaast. Dar mazhakahoi «Hikoyati muse Jordan, hakimi nabotot va darvesh Mustalishoh, jodugari mashhur» (1850), «Hikoyati Mulloibrohimi Khalili kimyogar» (1850) tavassuti obrazi musbat khislathoi fardii inson, az qabili mehnatdusti, irodai qavi doshtan va gayra targib shudaast. Dar mazhakai «Sarguzashti vaziri khoni Lenkoran» (1850) boshad, akhloqi zamimai vaziron, tiragii aqoidi khonho, munosibat, raftori mardum va tanqidi zamona nishon doda shudaast. Dar «Hikoyati khirs, fotehi rohzan» (1851) zindagii mardumi Ozarboyjon dar miyonai asri 19 tahlil shuda, dar mazkhakai «Sarguzashti mardi khasis» (1852) va povesti hajvii “Kavokibi fireftashuda” (1857) tanazzuli munosibathoi feodali- patriarkhaliro tasvir kardaast.

Hamrohshavii Ozarboyjoni Shimoli ba Rossiya voqeai muhimmi tarikhi dar hayoti jamiyatii khalqi ozar buda, ba hayoti siyosi, iqtisodi va madanii in sarzamin tasiri progressivi rasond.

Digargunihoi ijtimoiyu siyosi va madanie, ki dar Ozarboyjon ba vujud omadand, dar afkori peshqadami jamiyatiyu siyosi va falsafii mardumi on, az jumla Okhundov inikos yoftaand. Jahonbinii Okhundov zori tasiri aqidahoi peshqadami mutafakkironi rus, dar natijai shinosoii u bo adabiyoti tomarksisti, makhsusan bo asarhoi V. G. Belinskiy, N. G. Chernishevskiy, N. V. Gogol, A. S. Griboedov, Saltikov-Shedrin va digar, munosibati bevositaash bo shakhsoni peshqadami Rossiya, ki ba Kavkaz badarga shuda budand, tashakkul yoftaast. Talimoti materialistoni asri 18-i Fransiya niz ba tashakkuli afkori ijtimoi-falsafii u tasiri musbat rasond. Okhundov dar risolai falsafii «Se maktubi shohzodai Hind Kamoluddavla ba shohzodai Eron Jaloluddavla va javobi in ba vay» (ba zabonkhoi turki, for­si va rusi navishta shudaast), maqolai «Javob ba hakimi anglis Yum» va gayra aqidahoi materialisti va ateistiro inkishof doda, jovidonii ruhro inkor va ilmu falsafaro az din chudo karda, ba omuzishi tabiat davat menamud.

Okhundov materiyaro javhari yagona, tafakkurro mahsuli materiya medonad. Ba tavri obektavi dar vaqtu fazo vujud doshtani materiya va muvofiqi qonuniyathoi dokhili harakat namudani onro etirof namudaast. Okhundov bo vujudi dar nazariyai marifat goyai sensualizmi materialistiro paziruftan dialektikai zinahoi hissi va aqlii marifatro oshkor karda natavonist. Okhundov bar ziddi zulmi ijtimoi, ba himoyai huquqi zanoni Sharq baromada, dar borai bo rohi zuri sarnagun sokhtani istismorkunandagon izhori aqida namuda bud. Okhundov maqsadi tarbiyaro dar tashakkuli graj­danhoi vatandustu boshuuri az ta­siri etiqodoti dini ozod medid. Ba tarbiyai estetikii nasli navras diqqati makhsus doda, metodi realistiro (ki haqiqatro ba tavri realisti tasvir mekunad) targib, islom va taassuboti diniro tanqid, oshtinopazirii etiqod va donish, roli irtijoi dinro dar jamiyat makhsusan qayd kardaast. Ba maqsad muvofiq budani ivazi alifboi arabiro ba lotini niz targib mekard.

Asarhoi Okhundov ba zabonhoi rusi, nemisi, fransavi, anglisi va bisyor zabonhoi khalqqoi SSSR tarjuma shuda, ba inkishofi madaniyat, adabiyot va afkori jamiyatii khalqhoi Sharq tasiri ziyod rasondand.

Acos: Maktubho, Stalinobol, 1950; Izb­rannoe, Moskva . 1956; Izbrannie filosofskie pro­izvedeniya . Moskva , 1962. Adabiyot: R a f i l i M., Akhundova, Moskva. 1959; Mamedov Sh.          F.,Mirovozzrenie |

M. F. Akhundova, Moskva, 1962; R a a e v A. K,. Politicheskie vzglyadi M. F. Akhundova, Baku, 1008; Sama don V.. Osnovnie voprosi tadjiksko-azerbaydjanskikh literaturnikh svyazey v XIX v., Dushanbe, 1975.

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SATO

SATO, asbobi musiqii torist, ki bo kamoncha menavozand. Sato dar bayni tojikoi, uzbekho, eroniyon, afgonho …