Nuri

Nuri, moddahoi organiki va gayririorganikiest, ki baroi hosilkhez namudani khok va baland bardoshtani sifati ziroati khojagii qishloq ba zamin meandozand. Vobasta ba tarkibi khimiyavii khud nurihoi organiki (poru, kompost, nurihoi sabz va gayra), nurihoi minerali (nurihoi nitrogendor, nurhoi (fosfordor, nurihoi kaliydor, nurhoi kompleksi, nurihoi ohakdor, mikronurho) meshavand. Nurhoi. bakteriyavi niz mavjudand. Nuri hosilkhezii khokro behtar karda, prosesshoi khimnivi, fizikiyu khimiyavi va mikrobiologii onro tagyir medihad va rastaniro az moddahoi gizobakhsh tamin menamoyad.

Takror va ba miqdori ziyod andokhtani nuri va digar usulhoi ziroat (shudgor, kishti alaf va gayra) mumkin ast prosessi hosilshavii khokro tagyir doda, boisi tashakkuli khoki hosilkhezi antropogeni (zertipi navi khok) gardad. Inson bo istifodai Nuri ba gardishi moddaho dar tabiat faolona dakholat mekunad, alalkhusus balansi musbati moddahoi gizobakhshro dar ziroat ba vujud meorad.

Tarzi durusti istifodai Nuri ba sabzish, inkishofi rastani, ho­sil va sifati on tasiri musbat merasonad. Samarabakhshii nurnandozi az khosiyati biologii ziroati khojagii qishloq, mavjudiyati unsurhoi gizoi dar khok, namii khok, reaksiyan mahluli khok va gayra vobasta ast. Nuri dar zamini obi khosilro khele baland mebardorad. Muvofiqati nuriandozi va obyori boisi sarfai ob va moddahoi gizoii rastani megardad. Az Nuri tamin budani 1 gektar kisht yake az nishondihandahoi asosii in­tensivonii ziroat ast. Taqriban 50%-i hosili izofaro az hisobi istifodai Nuri megirand. Hoosili izofii az istifodai Nuri ba dast ovardashudai ziroathoi asosii ojagii qishloqi SSSR dar jadval nishon doda shu­daast.

Hosili izofii ziroati khojagii qishloqi SSSR, ki dar natijai ba zamin a n dokhtani n u r i h o i minera­li ba dast ovarda shudaast (malumoti tajribai Instituti umumiittifoqii tadkiqoti ilmii nuri va khokshinosii agronomi va digar muassisahoi ilmi baroi solhoi 1965-75).

Istifodai 1 tonna  poru soli 1-umi nuriandozi hosili ilovagii gandumro 0,2—0,3 sentner, kartoshkaro 1—1,5 sentner, bargu poyai sabzi juvorimakkaro 3—4 sentner ziyod mekunad. Dar natijai istifodai yakjoyai Nurihoi minerali va organiki dar khoki sabuk beshtar hosili ilovagi megirand. Nurihoi or­ganiki, inchunin gumusi khokro ziyod megardonand va in baroi beshtar shudani miqdori Nurihoi minerali zamina paydo mekunad.  Pesh az re­volyusiya dar Rossiya, Osiyoi Mnyona va az jumla Tojikiston ba zamin asosan poru meandokhtand Soli 1913 tanho 13 zavod (avvalinash az soli 1860 dar Kaunas) va sekhhoi superfosfat budand, ki 129 hazor tonna superfosfat istehsol mekardand.

Dar SSSR az solhoi avvali Hokimiyati Soveti ba istehsoli Nuri diqqati jiddi doda shud. Soli 1918 Sarkomitet oid ba nuri (Sentrotuk) tashkil karda shud. Baroi inkishofi khimikonii khojagii qishloq qarori KM KPSS va Soveti Vazironi SSSR «Dar borai tadbirhoi minbad ham baland bardoshtani istifodai samarabakhshi nurihoi minerali, kam kardani talafoti onho hangomi hamlu naql, nmgahdori va ba khokandozi va takomuli umuri agrokhimiyavi ba kolkhozu sovkhozho» (1976) ahamiyati kalon dorad. Dar plani panjsolai 9-um (1971—75) istehsoli Nuri khele afzuda, soli 1975 ba 17200 hazor tonna rasid. Soli 1980 istehsoli Nuri 103,8 milliard tonnaro tashkil dod.

Dar Tojikiston ba kolkhozu sovkhozho dodani Nurihoi minerali az 479 hazor tonna (1965) ba 914 hazor tonna (1980) rasid yo 86%- afzud. Dar SSSR baroi tamini istpfodai boz ham durustari Nuri muassisahoi umuri agrokhimiyavi va laboratoriyahoi mintaqavii agrokhimiyavi tasis yoftaand, ki ba onho Instituti markazii umuri agrokhimiyavii khojagii qishloq rohbari mekunad (nigared Umuri agrokhimiyavi}. Ba tadqiqi Nuri, tasiri onho ba prosesshoi khimiyavi, jabishi onho dar khok va rastaniho va hosil ag­rokhimiya mashgul ast. Dar SSSR shabakai muassisahoi tadkikoti ilmi (masalan, instituti nuri va khokshinosii agronomi, instituti nuri va insektofun- gisidho) mavjudand, ki ba omuzishi tasiri Nuri (meyor, usul va muhlati nuriandozi) ba hosil mashgul meboshand.

Korhoi tadqiqoti ilmi oid ba Nuri dar fakulteti agrokhimiya va khokshinosii Akademiyai khojagii qishloqi Moskva ba nomi K. A. Timiryazev, Instituti agrokhimiya va khokshinosii Akademiyai Fanhoi SSSR, dar kafedrai agrokhimiyai Universiteti Mo­skva, dar bisyor institutho va stansiyahoi tachribavi niz guzaronida meshavad. Rohbarii ilmiyu metodiro oid ba tadqiqoti sohai khimikonii ziroat shubai ziroat va khimikonii VASKhNIL ba amal mebarorad. Dar respublikai mo oid ba Nuri dar Institu­ti khokshinosi, Instituti ziroat, Instituti botanika, Instituti khojagii qishloqi Tojikiston va gayra tadkiqoti ilmi mebarand. Dar asosi jambasti tadkiqoti vase va hartarafai agrokhimiyavii khok, kharitai agrokhimiyavii SSSR (nigared Kartogrammai agrokhimiyavi) tartib do­da shud, ki samarabakhshii istifodai Nuriro dar mintaqahoi gunoguni ilmiyu tabii nishon medihad. Omuzishi Nuri az rui programmai Soveti yorii hamdigarii iqtisodi (SEV) niz guzaronida meshavad. SSSR azoi Markazi baynalkhalqi oid ba nurihoi minerali meboshad. Nigared Khimikonii khojagii qishloq.

Adabiyot: Pryanishnikov D. N., Ob udobrenii poley i sevooborotakh, Izbrannje. stati, Moskva, 1982; Spravochnik po udobre­niyam, Moskva, 1984; Korolkov D. A., mineralnie udobreniya i ikh rasio­nalnoe primenenie, Moskva, 1989; Primene­nie organicheskikh udobreniy, Moskva, 1971; A v d o n i n N. S., Nauchnie osnovi pri­meneniya udobreniy, Moskva, 1972.