Notanavisi

Notanavisi, notatsiya, siste­mai alomathoi khattii shartist, ki usuli navishti khos doshta, ovozhoi musiqiro ifoda mekunad. Usuli Notanavisi imruza mahsuli justujuyhoi ziyodi ilmi va amalin khalqhoi gunogun dar tuli qarnho meboshad. Dar Misri qadim ovozhoi musiqiro bo usuli piktografi (tasviri) ifoda mekardand. Dar Bobuliston usuli ideografi (huzvorishi)-i navishti ovozhoi musiqii bo yorii khathoi me­khi mamul bud. Badtar baroi ifo­dai ovozhoi musiqi sistemai harfiro istifoda burdaand, ki on biduni darozi tanho balandii ovozro ifoda mekard. In usul dar Yunoni Qadim rasm shuda, to asri 10 (yane to vaqti bo harfhoi lotini ivaz shudan) vujud dosht. Ba sistemai harfii Notanavisii Osiyoi Miyona Abunasri Forobi (asri 10) asos guzoshtaast, ki on nisbat ba usuli Notanavisii Yunon khele mukammal buda, qatorovozhoi dar diapazoni du oktava amalkunandai sozhoi musiqi (ud)-ro ifoda me­kard. Agar harfhoi sistemai mazkurro ba alifboi hozirai tojiki gardonda, balandii ovozro dar nota aks namoem, chunin shakl megirad:

Usuli mazkur va namudhoi digari Notanavisi, az jumla alomathoi sharti — k r yu k h o i musiqii kalisoii rus, biduni khathoi nota navishta shuda, asosan balandii ovozro ifoda mekardand. Dar asrhoi miyona baroi Notanavisi alomathoi makhsus — n e v m h o mamul gardid, ni on dar boloi matn navishta shuda, baroi darki ohangi surud khizmat mekard. Nevmho balandii ovozro daqiq ifoda karda nametavonistand. Az in ru, dar asri 11 musiqishinosi italiyavi Gvido d’ Aresso sistemai khathoi notaro (4 khat) kashf kard, ki on timsoli usuli Notai imruza meboshad. Dar davrahoi minbada miqdori khathoi nota ba 5 rasida, joi nevmhoro alomathoi notavii hozira ishgol kardand. Dar takomuli Nota tabulaturaho, ki dar yak qator mamlakatho qabul gardida bud, mavqei kalon paydo kard. Dar Osiyoi Miyona  Adulmumini Urmavi dar asosi pardahoi ud du navi Nota— tabulaturaro ofarid. In tabu­laturaho shakli jadvalro (skhema) dosht. Dar yakumash 9 davr — vobasta ba ohang dar shakli katakchaho ifoda yofta, pardahoyash bo harfu raqam ishora shudaast. Skhemai mazkur dar alifboi hozira shakli zerinro megirad.

Harfkhoi jadval balandii ovozi ohang va raqamho — nisbathoi usuli doirai «Saqili avval»-ro inshon medihand. Navi duyumi tabulaturai Abdulmumini Urmavi (harf va nuqtaho dar katakhoi ufuqi joy giriftaand), az ponzdah davr iborat ast. Yak qismi tabulaturahoro (se davri onro) ba alifboi imruza gar­donem, shakli jadvali zerinro megirad: nig. sah. 241.

Har yak davri ohang az panj qator katakchaho iborat ast. Dar ka­takchahoi qatori yakum balandii ovozhoi ohang (dar pardahoi ud) bo harfho, dar katakchahoi qatori duyum nisbathoi notavi bo nuqtaho ifoda gardidaand. Dar katakchahoi se qatori minbada digargunihoi tonikai ohang, holati navokhtani okhang dar torkhoi ud va tassimv vaa- nu okhangi sher doda shudaast. Iv

usul imkon medihad, ki shubai «Muhayyari Husayni»-ro (dar musiqii asri 13 malum bud) bo notai imruza ifoda namoem:

Yak qator nishonahoi in usuli Nota dar «Jadvali tanbur», ki nimai duyumi asri 19 az tarafi Komili Horazmi ikhtiro gardida bud, dida meshavad. Gayr az in, dar Sharq shakli digari ifodai ovozhoi musiqi — advor mamul bud, ki dar on shaklhoi makhsusi zarb, usulhoi doira, zinnahoi parda yo maqomho bo harfho ifoda megardidand. Dar asrhoi 17—18 akkordhoro bo yorii raqam dar bolo yo zeri notahoi ovozi bas yo khud general bas menavishtand. Dar ibtidoi asri 20 basi raqamnok baroi omuzishi garmoniya istifoda meshavad. Usuli Notai hozira natijai justuuyhoi chandinasra buda, sarfi nazar az yak qator norasoihoyash az tarafi ahli musiqii tamomi olam qabul shudaast. Notaho dar panj rahi notavi (dar poyon, bayn va boloi rahho) navishta meshavand. Alomathoi notavi az rui darozi va kutohiashon nomhoi zerin dorand:

• — notai purra

J — notai npmpurra

J — notai choryak

j> — notai khashtyak

/ — notai shonzdakhyak

J — notai siyuduyak

Balandii ovozro bo miftoh ifoda mekunand. Notaho haftto buda, dar miftohi gijjak bo usuli zerin joy giriftaan:

Usuli hozirai Nota dar sabti musiqii boi khalq, ofaridani asarhoi gunogunjanri musiqi va umuman targibi sanati musiqi mavqei kalon

dorad. Inchunin usuli makhsusi Nota baroi nobinoyon mavjud ast, ki soli 1839 musiqishinos va pedagogi fransavi L. Brayl ikhtiro kardaast.

Ad.: Nyurnberg M., Notnaya gpa*_i. na, L., 1953; Abdurakhman LShmi Traktat o muzike, perevod A. N. Boldi­reva, red. i kommentarii V. M. Belyaeva Tashkent, I960.