Nizomii Ganjavi

Nizomii Ganjavi Abumuhammad Ilyos ibni Yusuf (1141, shahri Ganja, khhzira Kirovobodi Ozarboyjon — 1209, hamon jo), shoir va mutafakkiri ozarboyjoni, yake az ustodoni musallami sheri forsi. Tamomi osorashro ba forsi navshitaast. Khonadoni Nizomii Ganjavi az tabaqai miyonai aholii shahri Ganja bud. Barmahal az padar yatim monda, ba tarbiyai modarash aftod. Zindagii Nizomii Ganjavi badi sari padar vaznin bud; bo shohibofi ruz meguzarond. U az ilmhoi zamonash — fiqh, kalom, falsafa, hayat, jugrofiya, nujum, riyoziyot, tib, kimiyo bahramand gardida, az javoni ba shergui pardokhta, dar bayni ahli adab  etirof paydo kar­da bud.

Nizomii Ganjavii tamomi umr dar Ganja zista, az shoironi zamon bo Khoqonii Shervoni dusti dosht. Asari mashhuri u «Khamsa» az panj masnavii kalon iboratast: «Makhzan-ul- asror»  (1173—1180), «Khisrav va Shi­rin» (1180—1181), «Layli va Majnun» (khatm 24 sentyabri 1188), «Haft paykar» (khatm 31 iyuni 1197), «Iskandarnoma» (1199—1201), ki du qism dorad: «Sharafnoma» va «Iqbolnoma». Az devoni ashori Nizomii Ganjavi, ki ba qavli Davlatshohi Samarqandi doroi 20 hazor bayt budaast. gazalhovu muqattaoti parokanda boqi mondaast. Masnavii avvalini « Khamsa»-i Nizomii Ganjavi «Makhzan-ul-asror» dostoni akhloqii falsafist, ki oburangi sufiyona do­rad. Nizomii Ganjavi in dostonro hamchun nazira ba masnavii «Hadiqat-ul-haqiqa»-i Sanoi guftaast. Vale Nizomii Ganjavi qolabi mamulii naziranavisiro shikasta, masnavii khudro dar bahri nav — sare navisht (masnavii Sa­noi dar bahri hafif insho shudaast),  ki pas az u in vazn dar dostonnavisi mamul gardid. Shoir ravishi toza va mazmuni navi in asarro dar avvali masnavi makhsusan takid mekunad. «Makhzan-ul-asror» az muqaddimai mufassal va 20 maqola iborat buda, masalahoi muhimmi ijyatimoi, falsafi va akhloqiro darbar megirad.

Baroi isboti fikr, bayoni maqsad zimni har yak bob Nizomii Ganjavi hikioyatho ovardaast, ki garchande az jihati mazmunu mundarija az ana nahoi zamoni feodali ori nestand, ba himoyai huquqi ahli mehnat va bar ziddi zulmi zolimon ravona shudaapd. Dar in masnavi Nizomii Ganjavi baraksi shoironi darbor, ki dar asarhoyashon kalimavu iborahoi vazninu kamistemolro istifoda meburdand, ba zaboni seroburang va maqolu masalhoi khalqi ru ovardaast. Masnavii «Khisrav va Shirin» asari romantiki buda, az ishqi Khisravi shohzoda va Shirini sohibjamol hikoyat mekunad. In dos­ton ba nomi Shamsuddpn Muhammad Chahonpahlavon Ildigiz — hukmroni Ganja (1174—1186) nazm shudaast. Ammo dar khotimai doston nomi Tugrul ibni Arslon (1177—1194) va nomi Qi­zil.

Arslon (1185—1191)—hukmrononi salchuqi niz yodovari meshavad. Shoir in dostonro chandin bor tahrir va takmil kardaast. Syujeti «Khisravu Shirin» dar kitobhoi «Al-mahosin v-al-azdod»-i Johiz, «Shohnoma»-i Saolibi va «Shohnoma»-i Firdavsi naql yoftaast. In qissa dar zamoni Nizomii Ganjavi dar folklori khalqhoi Eronu Ozarbonjon niz intishor yofta bud. In doston, ki az 6500 bayt iborat ast, ba se qism taqsim meshavad. 1) Muqaddimai ananavi, ki bobhoi dar hamdi khudovu nati paygambar, yodovarii sultone, ki doston ba u bakhshida shudaast va sababi nazmi dos­tonro darbar megirad. 2) Qissai muoshaqati Khisravu Shirin va voqeahoi siyosiyu ijtimoie, ki ba Khis­rav aloqamand ast. 3) Khotima. Dar in qism bobhoe dokhil shudaand, ki khususiyati panduakhloqi va hasbiholi dorand.

Inchunin peshi podshohe, ki kitob ba u bakhishda shudaast, Nizomii Ganjavi arzu niyozi khudro mebarad. Baze bobhoi «Khotima» ,az masalahoi dinii falsafi bahs mekunand. Qahramononi asosii doston Khisrav, Shirin va Farhod meboshand. Khisrav javoni solimu khubruy boshad ham, raftori noshoista zohir menamoyad; u dar javoni hangomi sayohat ba ayshu nush doda shuda, bo rikobiyonash kishtzori dehqonero kharob karda, az padarash Khurmuz jazo did; u az uhdai davlatdori ham nabaromad; ba muqobili isyongaron bo sarvarii Bahromi Chubina istodagari karda natavonist, kishvarro tark guft, ba ishqbozi mashgul shud; ba farmoni Shirin etibor nadod, ba nazdi qaysari Rum raft, bo sharti ba dukhtari u khonador shudan az vay lashkar va yorii moddi girift; bo quvvai rumiyon dubora ba takht nishast, az jihati manavi ba davlati begona tobe gardid. Khisrav dar rohi ishq ham ustuvor nest: u oshiqi Shirin buda, ammo ba dukhta­ri qaysari Rum Maryam khonador shud; hamchunin dar Isfahon bo Shakar nom dukhtare ishqvarziho kard. Khisrav dar nazdi oshiqi haqiqi Farhod ojizu notavon ast.

U Farhodro bo rohi khiyonat mekushad. Khisrav magruri surati zeboi khud buda, manfiathoi shakhsiashro az manfiathoi khalq va mamlakat avlo medonad. Dar kharakteri u gururu khudpisandi chizi asosist. Shirin dar baze asarhoi tarikhi va rivoyathoi pesh az Nizomii Ganjavi ofaridashuda kaniz, ammo dar dostoni Nizomii Ganjavi shohdukhtar tasvir shudaast. Obrazi Shirin dar doston mavqei asosi dorad. Shi­rin ham dukhtari zebovu oqila, ham podshohi rostkoru odil meboshad. Shirin dili sof dorad, garqi hissiyoti avval ba Khisrav dil basta, oqibat fireb mekhurad. Nizomii Ganjavii dar in doston tavassuti obrazi Shirin muammoi murakkabi ishqfo ba miyon guzoshtaast. Shirin oshiqi haqiqist. U dar dil yak ishq meparvarad. Az in ru muhabbati samimonai Farhodi jonfidoro rad menamoyad. Shirin barii oshiqon dar zindagi shakhsero dust doshta, ammo ba muhabbatashon javobi sazovor namegirand va yak umr bo khayoli ishqi avvali khud umr ba cap mebarand. Nizomii Ganjavi oshiqi sodiqu gamkhorro dar obrazi Farhod tajassum kardaast. Baroi Farhod ba juz ishqi pok, digar chizi qimate nest. U hamaro, hatto joni shirini khudro dar rohi ishq qurbon meku­nad. Farhod timsoli fidokori, mehnatdusti va qahramonist.

Nizomii Ganjavi ba vositai obrazi Farhod takid mesozad, ki in guna mardoni rostdilu fidokor dar sharoiti nobarobarihoi ijtimoii jamiyati feodali ba maqsadi khud rasida natavonista, az dunyo nokomu bemurod chashm mepushand. Dar dostoni «Khisrav va Shi­rin» mahorati sukhanvarii Nizomii Ganjavi ba darajai baland rasidaast. In dos­ton az shohasarhoi adabiyoti jahonist. Masnavii «Layli va Majnun» yake az dostonhoi shurangezi Nizomii Ganjavi meboshad. On 4700 bayt dorad. Syu­jeti aslii doston az folklor va adabiyoti badeii arab omadaast. Olimon — Ibni Nadim, Ibni Qutayba, Abulfaraji Isfahoni dar asarhoi khud dar borai qissai «Layli va Majnun» malumot dodaand. Aksari muarrikhon va folklorshinosoni arab qahramononi asosii doston Qays va Layliro shakhsoni tarikhi donistaand. Qissai arabii «Layli va Majnun» varianthoi bisyore dosh­ta, badi istiloi arab dar Eronu Osiyoi Miyona pahn shud. Rudaki, Ro­biai Balkhi, Bobo Tohiri Uryon va digaron shoiron ba in qissa ishoraho kardand.

Dar adabiyoti fors-tojik in syujetro bori avval Nizomii Ganjavi ba shakli doston murattab sokht. Dostoni «Layli va Majnun» ham az qismi muqaddimai ananavi, syujeti aso­si va khotima iborat ast. Qismi aso­sii doston sarguzashti purazob va ishqi poku bebarori du javonro darbar megirad, ki dar sharoiti hayoti qabilavi va qonunu qoidahoi on giriftori fojiai sakhte shudaand. Qays tadrijai az sokhti jamiyatii baroyash nomusoid ba tang omada, khudro ba devonagi mezanad, bo jonvaron uns megirad, nihoyat dar yodi Layli jon medihad. Layli ham olihai ishqi pok buda, dar fojiai ishq haloq meshavad. nizomii Ganjavi dar «Layli va Majnun» ba juz tarannumi muhabbati pok, boz oid ba tarbiyai farzand fikrhoi muhimmi panduakhloqi niz bayon kardaast.

Shoir dar masalai tarbiyai farzand se guruhi padaru modaronro nishon medihad: padaru modari Qays dar bobi tarbiyai farzand jiddi nestand, pe­shi rohi uro girifta nametavonand. Chunin beehtiyoti dar tarbiyai far­zand oqibati nokhush meovarad. Gu­ruhi digar — padaru modari Layli, baraks, ba hama talabotu darkhosthoi manavii farzand etibor namedihand, az andozai berun sakhtgirand. Padari seyum khudi Nizomii Ganjavi ast, ki bo pandu nasihathoi khiradmandona farzandashro ba rohi rost hidoyat menamoyad. Inchunin tahlili masalahoi khudbini, garazdori, az yak taraf, insonparvari va adolatkhohi az tarafi digar, dar doston mavqei muhim dorand. Dostoni «Layli va Majnun» bo mahorati balandi sukhanvari navishta shudaast.

Tasviri hissiyoti botini va hayajoni ruhii qakhramonon dar doston parvozi baland dorad, Alalkhusus, tasviri poyoni umri Layli va vasiyati u ba modar bisyor jongudoz ast. Masnavii chahorumi Nizomii Ganjavi «Haft paykar» meboshad, ki dar sarchashmahoi adabi bo nomi «Bahromnoma» va «Haft gunbad» niz yod meshavad. Syu­jeti «Haft paykar» az qissahoi davrai sosonist, ki onro pesh az Nizomii Ganjavi. Firdavsi dar «Shohnoma» ba nazm darovarda bud. Nizomii Ganjavi onro az nav tahriru takmil karda, bo ravishi to­za ejod namud. Dostoni «Hafg paykar» nid az muqaddimai ananavi, syujeti asosi va khotima iborat me­boshad. Obrazi markazii doston Bahromi Gur ast. Dar «Shohnoma»-i Firdavsi Bahromi Gur shakhsi ta­rikhi buda, vale dar asari Nizomii Ganjavi ba obrazi jome tabdil yoftaast. Nizomii Ganjavi ba syujeti doston qissai haft gunbadro dokhil karda, sarguzashti Bahromi tarikhiro khele taygir medihad. Bahrom az khurdi hamchun shohzoda khub tarbiya dida, sohibi ilmu hunar meshavad.

Badi vafoti padari zolimash khalq podshohii Bahromro namekhohad. Bahrom avval kirdori noshoistai padarro mahkum kar­da, vada dod, ki rohi uro davom namodihad. Sipas, az bayni du sher toji shohiro rabuda, ba takhti podshohi baromad; bo adlu dod mamlakatro obod kard, mardumro dar khushksoli az marg najot dod. Vale badi in ba shikor va ayshu nush mashgul shuda, zimami davlatro ba dasti vazirash dod; vazir rohi zulmro pesh girifta, kishvarro kharob kard. Bahrom bad az hikoyati tamsilii chupone az khiyonati vazir pay burda, uro ba jazo rasond, ba mardum ozodi bakhshid. Nizomii Ganjavi dar simoi Bahrom obrazi idealii shohi odilro ofaridaast. Nizomii Ganjavi kasrhoi haft gunbadro sozonda, dukhtaroni podshohi haft iqlimro dar on jo nishonda, ba hamin roli yakpodshohi va dustii khalqhoro talqin menamoyad. Dar rang va tartibi haft gunbad aqoidi mutaraqqii Nizomii Ganjavi, donishhoi ast­ronomii u ifoda yoftaast.

Rangi gunbadho az mushkin (siyoh) ogoz yofta, bo rangi kofuri (safed) anjom meyobad, ki in hama maqoli «poyoni shabi siyoh safed ast»-ro inikos menamoyad. Tartibi ruzho dar haft gunbad az ruzi haftai musulmoni (shanbe) ibtido shuda, bo ruzi juma ba itmom merasad. Gunbadho nomi haft sayyoraro dorand. Masnavii «Haft paykar» bisyor ravonu mavzun sokhta shudaast. Dar doston kharakteri qakhramonon dar kharakatu inkishof tasvir meyobad, ki in khususan dar obrazi Bahrom zohir shudaast. Nizomii Ganjavi hamchun digar asarhoyash dar «Haft paykar» niz akhloqi zamona — fireb, khirs va makrro mahkum mekunad. Okhirin va muhimtarin masnavii «Khamsa»-i Nizomii Ganjavi dos­toni «Iskandarnoma» ast.

Qissahoe dar borai Iskandar dar davrahoi pesh az milod ba vujud omada, ba vositai askaron va savdogaroni yunoni pahn megardidand. Nizomii Ganjavi varianthoi gunoguni qissai Iskandarro jam ovarda, kushish kardaast, ki asari mukammale ba vujud orad. «Iskandarnoma» doroi 10500 bayt buda, az muqaddima, syujeti asosi va khotima iborat meboshad. Nizomii Ganjavi dar muqaddima ba khonandagon murojiat me­kunad, ki ba mazmuni boi doston diqqat dihand, zero u hamai donish va tajribai garonbahoi zindagii khud va dostonhoi digarashro dar in asar jambast namudaast. Qahramoni yagona va tarikhii doston Iskandari Maqduni meboshad. Vale azbaski Nizomii Ganjavi simoi Iskandarro ba tavri nav dodan mekhost, az Iskandari tarikhii istilogar. goratgar va khunrez chashm pushida, obrazi Iskandarro aa nazari khud ofaridaast.

Shoir dar doston ba tarbiyai Iskander makhsusan diqqat modihad, uro az sanjishhoi bisyoro meguzaronad, ba vositai obrazi Arastu, ki hamdami ust, idealhoi olii mamlakatdoriro bayon menamoyad.Nizomii Ganjavi jahonero orzu mekard, ki on yak hukumat va misli Iskandar yak podshohi oqilu odil doshta boshad. Obrazi Iskander dar inki­shof tasvir shudaast. Iskandar tadrijan az podshoh ba shakhsi hakim va khiradmand mubaddal meshavad. «Kham­sa» Nizomii Ganjavi shuhrati umumijahoni dorad. Ziyoda az haft asr ast, ki shakli ajoib, tasvirhoi barjasta, zaboni faseh va goyahoi najibi dostonhoi Nizomii Ganjavi sukhanvaroni Sharqro ba shavq meorad. «Khamsa»-i Nizomii Ganjavi ba inkishofi nazmi Sharq tasiri buzurg bakhshidaast. Az asri 13 injonib ba dostonhoi Nizomii Ganjavi javobu nazirahoi bisyore ba maydon omadaand. Ba «Makhzan-ul-asror» dar zaboni forsi 42, ba «Khisrav va Shirin» dar zabonhoi forsi, uzbeki, ozarboyjoni, turki 42, ba «Layli va Majnun» dar zabonhoi forsi, uzbeki, turkmani, ozarboyjoni, turki va kurdi 40 nazira ba vujud omadaast. Dar bayni naziraho ba «Khamsa»-i Nizomii Ganjavi «Khamsa»-hoi Khisravi Dehlavi, Alisheri Navoi va «Haft avrang»-i Abdurrahmoni Jomi mavqei asosi dorand.

Nizomii Ganjavi dar dostonhoyash aqidahoi mutaraqqii zamoni khudro ifoda kardaast. Aqidahoi ijtimoii Nizomii Ganjavi jambasti aqidahoi ijtimoii ommahoi mehnatkashi asrhoi miyona — aqidai dehqonii adolatkhohi mebo­shad. Muvofiqi in aqoid mamlakatro be podshoh tasavvur kardan mumkin nest. Podshohi merosist va pod­shoh sardori khalq ast. Podshoh va vazironu hokimoni u boyad boinsofu adolatparvar bashand. On goh khalq vazifador ast, ki ba in guna pod­shoh itoat binamoyad. Dar aksi khoh, khalq hak dorad ba joi podshohi zo­lim shohi odil intikhob kunad. Ba aqidai Nizomii Ganjavi baroi jori namudani barobarivu adolat barham dodani usuli shohi shart nest, balki bo pandomuzi va tanqidi zulmu zolimon vazi mamlakatdoriro isloh kardan imkonpazir ast. Hokimon boyad ba sukhani khalq gush doda, nuqsonhoi davlatdoriro ba isloh rasonand. Nizomii Ganjavi dar dostoni «Iskandarnoma» go­yai sotsialiami khayoqiro ba miyon guzoshta, jamiyati feodaliro mahkum mekunad. U in aqidaro dar lahzai «Ba mamlakati Shimol raftani Is­kandar», ki mardumonash ozodu barobarhuquq budand, az nomi qahramoni ideali Iskandar ifoda kardaast. Nahonbini va aqoidi falsafii Nizomii Ganjavi ba sharoiti ijtimoiyu ta­rikhii zamoni u vobastagi dorand. Nizomii Ganjavi payravi falsafai hukmroni zamoni feodali — kalom buda, «shaykh-ul-mutakallimin» unvon gi­rifta ast. U khudoro ofaridagori olamu odam va avvalu okhiri jahon medonad. Ba aqidai u zamin markazi aflok buda, sayyoraho dar atrofi on davr megardand:

Khabar dori, ki sayyohoni aflok

Charo gardand girdi tudai khok?

Ba tashkiloti qosibon «akhi» rasman aloqador budani Nizomii Ganjavi malum nest, vale goyahoi in tashkilot dar asarhoi u inshkos yoftaast. Nizomii Ganjavi insoniyatdust va khalqparvari buzurg bu­da, bo asarhoi garonbahoyash ba ganjinai madaniyati jahoni hissan kalon guzoshtaast. Omuzishi ejodiyoti Nizomii Ganjavi dar asri 19 ogoz yoft. Olimoni sharqshinos, adabiyotshinoson — H, E. Braun, Rizozodai Shafaq, Shiblii Numoni, Zabehullohi Sa­fo, Yan Ripsha va digaron ba ejodiyoti u bahoi baland dodaand. Olimi eroni Vahidi Dastgirdi ashori lirikii shoirro jamovari va nashr kar­daast. Omuzishi ilmii domanadori ejodiyotl Nizomii Ganjavi dar zamoni soveti cap shud. Tadqiqoti mukammal dar borai Nizomii Ganjavi ba qalami E. E. Bertels taalluq dorad. Dar Ozarbonjon oid ba ejodiyoti Nizomii Ganjavi tadqiqoti ziyode anjom yoftaand. Olimoni ozari matni ilmii tanqidii dostonhoi «Khamsa»- ro chop kardand. Hamai osori u ba zaboni ozarboyjoni tarjuma shuda­ast. Bisyor ofaridahoi u inchunin ba zaboni digar khalqhoi SSSR va khoriji niz ba tab rasidaand. Soli 1941 800-solagii Nizomii Ganjavi jashn girif­ta shud. Har sol dar Kirovobod (sobiq Ganja) jashni solonai Nizomii Ganjavi barguzor meshavad. Dar zodgohi shoir va shahri Boku haykali yodgorii u guzoshta shudaast. Maqbarai Nizomii Ganjavi dar Kirovobod ast. Soli 1979 dar Kirov­obod muzei Nizomi Ganjavi kushoda shud. Dar asosi dostonhoi Nizomii Ganjavi filmho, pesaho, balet, opera, asarhoi rassomi ba miyon omadaand. Dar SSSR maktabhoi oli va miyona, teatrho, kitobkhonaho, kuchaho ba nomi Nizomii Ganjavi guzoshta shudaand.

Os.: Bahrom va haft paykar, Stalinobod, 1941; Dostoni «Layli va Majnun», Stalinobod, 1948; Hikoyatho ae «Khamsa», D., 1969.

Ad.: Bertels E. E., Roman ob Aleksandre i ego glavnie versii na Vo­stoke, M., 1948; h a m o n m u a l l., Ni­zami. Tvorcheskiy put poeta. M., 1956; khamon muall., Nizami i Fueuli, M., 1968; Adabiyoti forsu tojik dar asrhoi XII—XIV, k. 1, D., 1976.