Nivelironi

Nivelironi dar geodeziya, chen kardani balandii nuqtahoi sathi Zamin nisbat ba yagon nuqtai intikhobshuda yo nisbat ba sathi bahr (muayyan kardani balandii mutlaq). Nivelironi hangomi naqshabardorii topografi, loihakashi, sokhtmon, baplangirii shahru kishloqho va digar punkthoi aholinishin ijro karda mesha­vad. Nivelironi dar muayyan kardani farqi sathi uqyonus va bahr omuzishi ha­rakati vertikalii sathi Zamin, yoftani sokhti berunii maydoni gravitatsionii Zamin va gayra niz ahamiyati kalon dorad.

Vobasta ba usuli nivelironi Nivelironi yakchand khel meshavad: geometry, trigonometri, barometri, mekhaniki va gidrostatiki. Hangomi Nivelironii geometri sutunchahoi nive­lironiro ba nuqtahoi tadqiqshavanda amudi meshinonand, bad dar kha­ti rosti in nuqtahoro payvastkunanda nivelir guzoshta, khati vizirii onro ba holati gorizontali me­orand. Farji balandihoi nuqtaho ba farqi raqamhoe, ki khati viziri dar sutunchaho nishon medihad, barobar ast, yane h = — a — . Khatoi Nivelironi geometri ba har 1 km az 0,5 mm ziyod nest.

Hangomi Nivelironii trigonometri ba vositai teodolit kunji moilii kha­ti vizirii az nishon guzarandaro nisbat ba khati gorizontali muayyan mekunand va masofai gorizontalii bayni nuqtaho (s) balandii asbob (l), balandii nishon (a)-ro donista, farqi balandihoi in nuqtahoro meyoband:

h = s – tg v + l— a

Hangomi Nivelironii barometri baroi muayyan kardani balandii mutlaqi nuqtahoi gunogun az farqi fishorhoi atmosferii nuqtaho istifoda mebarand. Hangomi qulay budani sharoithoi meteorologi khatoii in usul 2-3 m meboshad. Nivelironii mekha­nii bo nivelir — avtomathoi dar velosiped va moshinho shinonidashuda ijro karda meshavad. Khatoii in usul 0,2—0,3 m ast. Hangomi Nivelironiii gidrostati khosiyati zarfhoi marbut istifoda meshavad. Khatoii in usul 1—2 mm meboshad.