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Nitropayvastho

Nitropayvastho, payvasthoi organikie, ki dar molekulaashon yak yo yakchand nitroguruhi (—NOj) bo atomhoi karbon payvast dorand. Mo­no-, di- tri- va polinitropayvasthoro farq mekunand. Nitropayvastho alifati (nitroparafinho va nitroolefinho), aromati (nitroanilinho, nit­robenzol, nitrotoluol, nitronafta­lin va gayra), aromatiyu alifati (dar zanjiri alifatii pahluiashon nitroguruh dorand, masalan, fenilnitrometan SvNvSNgMOg, nitrostirol S*N*— —CH=CHNOj va gayra, ham dar zanjiri pahluii alifati va ham dar halqai aromatiashon nitroguruh do­rand, masalan, p-nitrofenilnitrometan 02NC6H40HjN02) meshavand. Nitropayvasthoi aromati moddahoi moei zard yo kristall buda dar halkunandahoi organiki nagz va dar ob bad halshavandaand.

Nitropayvasthoi aromatiro dar sanoat va laboratoriya bo rohi nitronidani payvasthoi aromati hosil mekunand. Polinitropayvasthoi aromatiro ba sifatp moddahoi tarkanda istifo­da mebarand. Nitropayvasthoi alifatiro dar sa­noat asosan hangomi bo kislotai nitrat yo oksidhoi nitrogen nitronidani parafin hosil mekunand. Mononitroparafinhoi soddatarin moei berang buda, bui khos dorand. Nitroparafinho bo osoni to gidroksilaminho va aminho barqaror me­shavand. Hangomi tasiri kislotahoi konsentronida ba Nitropayvastho kislotahoi karbon hosil meshavand. Nitropayvasthoi alifati bo aldegidho va ketonho bo osoni kondensatsiya shuda nitrospirtho hosil mekunand, ki onho dar navbati khud degidratasiya shuda ba nitroolefinho tabdil meyoband, In reaksiyaro dar amaliyai laboratori vase istifoda mebarand. Baze Nitropayvastho zahrnok buda, ba jigar, chashm va gayra zarar merasonad.

Adabiyot: Nitrovanie uglevodorodov i dru­gikh organicheskikh soedineniy, Moskva, 1958 Khimiya nitroi nitrozogrupp, Moskva , 1972; Khimiya i tekhnologiya brizantnikh vzriv­chatikh veshestv, Leningrad, 1973.

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