Nigeriya

(Nigeria), Respubli­kai Federativii Nigeriya (Federal Republic of Nigeria), davlatest dar Afrikai Garby. Ba Ittihodi Britaniyai Kabir dokhil ast. Dar Garb bo Benin, dar Shimol bo Niger, dar Shimol Sharq bo Respublikai Chad, dar Sharq va Janubu Sharq bo Kamerun hamsarhad ast. Dar Janub sarhadhoi on to sohilhoi khaljt Gvineyai uqyonusi Atlantik rafta merasad. Masohatash 923,8 hazor km². Aholiash 72,7 mln nafar (1978). Poy­takhtash — shahri Lagos (1,4 mln nafar 1973). Az oktyabri 1982 poytakht ba shahri Abuja kuchid. Az jihati mamuri ba 19 shtat taqsim shudaast.

Sokhti davlati. Niger— respublikai federativi. Sardori davlat va hukumat prezident, ki aholi ba muddati chor sol intikhob mekunad. Organi olii qonunbaror — Assambleyai milli az tenat va palatai namoyandagon iborat ast. Ba shtatho guber­nator va Assambleyai yakpalatagi rohbari mekunand. Organi olii sudi — Sudi Oli; dar shtatho Sudi bolo, sudhoi magistrati va muqarrari.

Tabiat. Qismi ziyodi mamlakatro pahnkuhhoe faro giriftaand, ki az 400 to 600 m balandi dorand; qismi balandtarinashon pushtakuhi Jos ast (nuqtai az hama balandash 1735 m). Az on jo pushtakuh ba sui Janub to khalichi Gvineya (vodihoi Niger va Benue), ba sui Shimolu Sharq to kuli Chad (hamvorii Bornu) va ba sui Shimolu Garb to hamvorii havzai daryoi Sokoto tadrijan past shuda meravad. Dar Niger az Shimol ba Janub kuhhoi Mandara, Shebish va gayra tul kashidaand (baze qullaho to 2000 m va beshtar az in balandi dorand). Sarvathoi zerizamini: madanhoi kalagi, niobiy (kolum­bit), volfram, molibden, uran, ti­tan, ohan, qurgoshim, ruh, neft, gaz, angishtsang, angishti bur va gayra. Iqlimi qismi shimoli Niger ekvatorialiyu mussoni ast. Harorati miyonai moh az hama garm (aprel yo may) 25—33°S, mohi az hama khunuk (dekabr yo yanvar) 20— 26° S. Borishoti solona az 500—700 mm to 1500 mm. Dar hamvorii nazdibahri iqlim ekvatorialist. Dar in jo harorat miyonai mohi az hama garm (mart) taqriban 28° S, mohi az hama khu­nuk (avgust) taqriban 24° S, borishoti so­lona az 1500—2000 mm to 4000 mm. Beshtari daryoho dar hamvorii nazdibahri (daryoi kalon Niger va shokhobi on Benue), inchunin dar pushtakuhi Jos (daryohoi Kaduna, Gongola, Komadugu — Yobe) voqeand. Khoki Janub va Shimol surkhi zardchatobi lateritiet. Dar samti Shimol rafta-rafta joi jangalhoro jangalhoi tropiki ishgol namuda, badi onho savannaho meoyand.

Dar Janub savannaho mintaqai guzarishe az jangalhoi tropiki ba sa- vannahoi muqarrari meboshand. Dar kanorai Shimolu Janub savannahoi sohili hastand, ki badi onho rastanihoi biyobonii Sahroi Kabir padidor meshavand. Az hayvonoti darranda palang, shagol, gurbai vahshi beshtarand. Ohu (taqrtban 30 namud) va zarrofaho niz bisyorand. Dar jangalhoi tropiki maymunho, dar savannaho fil va karkadanho, dar sohilhoi daryoho bahmutho zindagi mekunand. Az khazandaho timsoh kalta- kalos va morho vomekhurand.

Aholi. Nigeriya az jikhati aholi kalontarin mamlakati Afrika ast. Ziyoda az 200 khalq (asosiashon: khausa, fulbe, kanuri, yoruba, ibo, edo va gayra) zindagi mekunad. Qarib ¹/₂ aholi—musulmon, ¹/z nasroni buda, boqimondagon dinu mazhabhoi ananavii mahalliro meparastand. Zaboni rasmi — anglisi. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 km² 65 nafar. Kalontarin shahrho: Lagos, Ibadan, Ogbomosho, Kano, Oshogbo, Ilorin, Abeoku­ta, Port-Kharkort, Zaria, Ilesha.

Ocherki tarikhi. Dar territoriyai Nigergiya namudhoi davlatdori hanuz dar asrhoi avvali milod paydo shuda, badho davlathoi nisbatan kalon ba vujud omadand: davlati Kanem (asrhoi 8—9), Bornu (asrhoi 16—17), shahr — davlathoi Khausa (asrhoi 15—16) — dar Shimol; Ife, Oyo, Benin va gayra (asrhoi 12—19)—dar Janub.

Dar in joyho evropoiho bori avval dar asri 15 paydo shuda, territoriyai Nigeriyaro ba yake az kalontarin mintaqahoi gulombadori tabdil dodand. Mustamlikakunii anglisho dar miyonai asri 19 sar shud. Soli 1862 mustamlikai anglisii Lagos, 1900 protektorati Nigeriyai Shimoli, 1907 protektorati Nigeriyai Janubi ba vujud omadand.

Soli 1914 onho bo nomi «Mustamlika va protektorati Nigeriya» muttahid karda shudand. Zulmu istibdodi mustamlikadoron, istismori berahmona khalqi mahalliro besh az pesh khonakharob mekard va in boisi purzurshavii etirozi mardumon megardid. Az in jost, ki bar ziddi mustamlikadoron zud-zud shurishho ba amal meomadand. Badi Jangi yakumi Jakhon (1914—1918) payham tashkilothoi jamiyativu siyosi ba vujud omadand. Soli 1920 shubai nigeriyagii Kongressi millii Afrikai Janubi tasis yoft. Soli 1922 avvalin partiyai siyosii Nigeriya— Partiyai millii demokrati tashkil shud. Solhoi 30 dar mamlakat tashkiloti kaloni javonon — «Harakati javononi nigeriyagi» amal me­kard.

Badi Jangi duyumi jahon harakati millii ozodikhohi boz ham beshtar avj girift (masalan, korpartoii umumii soli 1945, namoishhoi etirozi, namoishhoi proletariat dar soli 1949 va solhoi 50). Soli 1944 yakumin partiyai ommavii siyosi — Soveti millii grajdanhoi Nigeriya (SMGN) tashkil yoft. G. Makoley raisi on, N. Azikive kotibi generaliash intikhob shudand. Solhoi 50—60 dar mamlakat partiyahoi digar niz ba vujud omadand va kalontarini onho —Guruhi amal (GA) va Kongressi shimolii khalqi (KShKh) bu­dand. Qati nazar az siyosati anglisii regionalikunoni (ba ham muqobilguzorii rayonu partiyahoi gunogun va rohbaroni onho, ba tavri suni behad kalon karda nishon dodani farqiyathoi etniki, zaboni, dini va gayra) , nigeriyagiho dar okhiri solhoi 50 dar masalai baroi mamla­kat asosi — istiqloliyat, hamrayi ba dast ovardand.

Oktyabri 1958 dar konferensiyai konstitutsionii London Britaniyai Kabir majbur shud elon kunad, ki az 1 oktyabri 1960 ba Nigeriya istiqloliyat medihad. Ba sari hokimiyat hukumati koalitsioni omad, ki az namoyandagoni KShKh va SMGN (bo sardorii A. T. Balevi) tashkil yofta bud. Ba dast omadani istiqloliyati siyosi khud az khud nametavonist, ki «omilhoi judoi»-i az mustamlikadoron boqimondaro barkhham zanad. Onhoro hamon vaqt barham zadan mumkin megardid, ki mamlakat bo rohi islohoti jiddii ijtimoiyu iqtisodie pesh ravad, ki on ba barham dodani imtiyozhoi taba­qai boloii feodali-aristokrati, ba­robar karda in darajai taraqqiyoti sohahoi gunogun, baland bardoshtani darajai zindagonii ommai vasei aholi musoidat kunad. Hukumati Balevi baroi digargunsozii mamla­kat kushishe namekard va aloqai khudro az Angliya ham kandan namekhost. Dar tamomi davrai hukmronii hukumati ba nom respublikai yakum (oktyabri I960 —yanvari 1966) mamlakatro krizishoi doimi ba larza meovardand. In hama boisi on gardid, ki yanvari 1966 ba sari hokimiyat harbiho omadand. Sardori avvalin hu­kumati harbi general-mayor A. Ironsi bud.

Hukumati nav program­mai taraqqiyoti bosurati iqtisodii mamlakatro peshnihod kard, ki dar on baland bardoshtani darajai zindagonii khalq peshbini shuda bud. Vale qarori khatoe, ki muvofiqi on mekhostand sharoiti voqeiro ba inobat nagirifta, tavassuti dekreti 24 may 1966 mamlakatro ba davlati unitari (yagona) tabdil dihand, etirozi jiddii aksari aholiro ba amal ovard. 29 iyuni 1966 tabadduloti nav ruy dod. Ba sari hukumat podpolkovnik Ya. Govon omad. In hukumat Nigeriyaro az jangi baynikhudi bozdoshta natavonist. Tiramohi 1960 dar viloyati sharqi tamoyuloti judoshavi avj girift. Mohi may 1967 in viloyat, ki ba on guruhi judoiandozandai O. Ochukvu sardori mekard, khud­ro respublikai mustaqili Biafr elon namud. Avvali iyuli 1967 jangi baynihudin 30-moha sar shud, ki ba mamlakat osebi buzurgi moddi va manavi rasond. Hazorho odamon talaf shudand. Mohi yanvari 1970 armiyai Biafr taslim shud. Quvvahoi vatandusti milli dar muboriza baroi yagonagi va yaklukht nigah doshtani territoriyai galabai tarikhi ba dast ovar­dand. Kori barqarorkuni sar shud va bosurat pesh raft.

Oktyabri 1970 hu­kumati Ya. Govon programmai dar soli 1976 ba idorakunii grajdani guzashtani mamlakatro peshnihod kard. Vale in programma ijro nashud. Soli 1974 sardori davlat elon kard, ki dar muhlati muayyanshuda Hokimiyatro ba rejimi grajdani nakhohad dod. In boisi etirozhoi tezutund gardid. Hukumati Ya. Govon dar amal ba hukumati ziddikhalqie tabdil yof­ta bud. Ya. Govon gubernatorhoi shtathoro, ki ba shohakoni mutlaq tabdil yofta budand, ivaz kardan namekhost (soli 1967 mamlakat ba 12 shtat taqsim bud). Rishvakhuri ba darajai oli rasida bud, narkhho besh az pesh baland meshudand. In hama boisi tabadduloti nav gardid. Ba sari seyumin hukumati harbi gene­ral-mayor. M. Muhammad omad. Hukumati nav rohi halli masalahoi ruzro pesh girift. Dar nimai duyumi soli 1975 tozakunii dar tarikhi Afrika didanashudai apparati dav­lati va armiya ba amal barovarda shud.

1 oktyabri 1975 hukumat plani dar soli 1979 zina ba zina ba rojimi idorakuniii grajdani guzashtanro ba khalq elon kard. Dar avvali soli 1976 dar mamlakat 7 shtati nav barpo karda shud. Hukumati M. Muhammad dar sohai siyosati khoriji rokhi mustahkam namudani yagonagii davlathoi mustaqili Afrika, barham dodani rejimi najodparastonai Afrikai Janubi, dastgirii muborizai khalqi Angola, bo mamlakathoi sotsi­alist vusat dodan va mustahkam kardani munosibatro pesh girift. Hamai in khashmu gazabi irtijoparastoni dokhili va khorijiro ba amal ovard. Fevrali 1976 tabadduloti nav ba amal omad va M. Muhammad kushta shud. Ba joi M. Muhammad sardori davlat va hukumat O. Obasanjo shud, ki vay dar sohai siyosati do­khili va khoriji qatiyan bo rohi hukumati peshtara raftani khudro izhor kard.

Okhiri soli 1976 intikhoboti organhoi mahalli guzaronda, loihai konstitutsiyai nav tayyor va ba muhokimai umumikhalqi peshnihod karda shud. Sentyabri 1979 Sh. Shagari prezidenti Nigeriya intikhob shud. U dar mam­lakat mustahkam namudani yagonagii milli, ba hayot tatbiq namudani shiori «mamlakati yagona — taqdori yagona» va gayraro bo rohi digargunsozihoi iqtisodiyu ijtimoi ba amal barovarda istodaast.

Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifoqi kasaba. Hamai partiyahoi siyosii Nigeriya burjuaziyu demokrati buda, solhoi 1978—1979 tasis yoftaand: Partiyai millii Nigeriya; P a r t iya i Khalqii Nigeriya; Par­tiya i yagonagii Nigeriya; Partiyai khalqii Nigeryai K a b i r; Partiyai ehyoi khalq; Kongressi mehnatii Nigeriya — yagona markazi ittifoqioi kasaba.

Iqtisodiyot. Nigeriya mamlakati agrariest, ki sanoati neftistehsolkunii ravnaqyobandae dorad. Az jihati barovardani mahsuloti nakhli ravgandeh va istehsoli kolumbit soli 1976 dar jahoni kapitalisti joy

1- um, dar istehsol va eksporti doni kakao joy 4-um, dar istehsoli chormagzi zamini va kauchuk joy 6-um dar istehsoli konseptrathoi surb joi 7-umro girift. Soli 1970 Nigeriya ba qatori dah mamlakati kalontarini eksportkunandai neft daromada, soli 1974 az jihati istehsoli neft dar bayni davlathoi afrikoi ba joi 1-um baromad. Taqriban 75% mablagguzorii khorijiyon dar sanoati Nigeriya ba kapitali anglisho taalluq dorad. Taarruzi kapitali amerikoi va Germaniyai Garbi ba iqtisodiyoti Nigeriya purzur megardad. Hukumati Nigeriya baroi

mahdud kardanp doirai istifodai kapitali khoriji tadbirho meandeshad. Az rui dekreti nigerikunonii iqtisodiyot dar yak qator sohahoi sanoat va savdoi chaka va ishtiroki ka­pitali khorichi man yo mahdud kar­da shudaast. Muassisa va korporatsiyahoi kaloni davlati ba vujud ovarda meshavand (2 shirkati davlati dar maydoni 60 hazor ga baroi parvarishi gavdum, sholi, mais, maniok, 2 muassisai nasli avtomoshinho, korkhonahoi istehsoli masnuoti asbesti elektrodbarori va istehsoli kauchuk). Soli 1975 Nigeriya ba ijroi plani taraqqiyoti ijtimoiyu iqtisodii mamlakat baroi solhoi 1975—1980 shuru kard.

Asosi iqtisodiyoti Nigeriya khojagii qishloq ast. Dar on taqriban 70% aholii qobili mehnat kor mekunad. Ba khojagii qishloqi Nigeriya zamindorii obshinagi khos ast. Soli 1978 istehsol karda shud (ba hisobi hazor t.): ravgani nakhl—680, chormagzi zamini — 700, doni kakao — 160, sho­ly — 580, kauchuki tabii — 90, pakh­ta — 60. Baroi bozori dokhili inchunin mahsuloti zerini khojagii qishloq parva- rish karda meshavad (1978): choyjuvori — 3,7 mln t, arzan — 3,1 mln t, juvorimakka — 1450 hazor t, yams — 12,6 mln t, maniok —10 mln t, nayshakar — 770 hazor t.

Chorvodori khususiyati ekstensivi dorad. Mamlakat soli 1979 (ba hisobi mln cap) gov —12,0, gusfand — 8,5, buz — 24,5, khuk — 1,1, murgi khonagi —110 dosht. Mohidori taraqqi kardaast (taqriban 940 hazor t mohi, 1979). Nigeriya eksportkunavdai kaloni chub ast (chubhoi purqimati kayya, sapele, iroko, agba va gayra). Istehsoli takhta 2,2 mln m³, eksport takhta 91 hazor m³ (1976). Qarib tamomi nefti Nigeriya eksport karda meshavad. Mahsuloti neft dar zavodi nazdi Port-Kharkort barovarda meshavad. Istehsoli madani Qalagi (3,9 hazor t, 1978), madani niobiy (kolumbit, 0,8 hazor t) ba roh monda shudaast. Dar shahri Jos zavodi qalagigudozi hast. Istehsoli angisht dar shahrhoi Anambra va Kvara markazonida shu­daast. Ba miqdori na on qadar ziyod volframit, surb, ruh va gayra is­tehsol karda meshavad.

Soli 1978 5,2 mlrd kVt. s. energiyai elektr istekhhsol karda shud. Dar sanoati korkardi Nigeriya roli asosiro sohahoi khurokvori va bofandagi mebozand. Kalontarin muassisaho: zavodhoi ravgani nakhl va istehsoli mahsuloti kakao dar Lagos, tambku va konservi meva dar Ibadan, zavodhoi ravgani nakhl va konservi gusht dar Kano. Muhimtarin markazi bofandagi  Kadula ast. Sanoati khimiya sobun, mahsu­loti parfgomeri va doruvor, pla­stmassa va gayra istehsol mekunad. Nigeriya sanoati rezini tekhniki, muassisa­hoi korkardi kauchuki tabii va is­tehsoli shinaho dorad. Muassisahoi asosi dar Lagos, Port-Kharkort, Abe, Kano joygirand. Dar sanoati kor­kardi metall beshtar ustokhonahoi mekhaniki va tamir mavjudand. Zavodhoi vaslkunii velosiped, moshiihoi borkash, traktorho, radioapparaturaho va gayra kor mekunand. Soli 1975 du zavodi avtomobilvaslkuni («Pe­jo», dar Naduva va «Folksvagen», dar Lagos) sokhta shud, ki har kadomi onho sole 20 hazor moshin istehsol menamoyand.

Kalontarin markazi korkardi metall Lagos ast. Asosi sanoati metallurgi guzoshta mesha­vad, dar Emen zavodi prokati pulod kor mekunad. Bo yorii SSSR sokhtavi kombinati metallurgi peshbini shuda­ast, ki on sole taqriban 1 mln t pulod khohad gudokht. Sanoati sement ru ba taraqqist. Zavodhoi asosii semevt dar Nkalagu, Evekoro, Sokoto, Kalabar voqeavd. Zavodi istehsoli masnuoti asbesti dar Oron ast. Dar Sapel kombinati kaloni chubu takhta hast. Korkhonahoi mebelsozi, kombinati sellyulo­zayu kogaz (dar Jebba), fabrikai gugird (dar Ilorii) amal mekunand. Kasbu hunarhoi ananaji: bofan­dagi, kandakoriyu hakkoki, charmgari va kuloli. Neft, doni kakao, palmista, qalagi, kauchuk, chormagzi zamini, chub, kolumbit eksport kar­da meshavad; moshin va taqhizot, molhoi sanoatii istemoli, khimikatho, ozuqavor, nushokiho va tamokuro az khorija meorand. Sharikoni asosii savdoi Nigariya: ShMA, Britaniyai Kabir. Niderland, Fransiya, Yaponiya, RFG. Vohidi pul- nayra. Tuli rohi ohan 3,5 hazor km (1979), rohhoi moshingard 104,5 hazor km va rohhoi dokhilii obi — 7,2 hazor km. Rohhoi asosii obii Nigeriya— daryoi Niger va shokhobi on Benue. Bandarhoi kaloni bahri: Lagos, Port-Kharkort, Bonni, Sapele, Varri, Burutu. Aeroporthoi baynalkhalqi dar Lagos va Kano voqe gardidaand.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Soli 1979 ba har 1 hazor nafar 49,6 tavallud, 18 favt, ba har 1 hazor kudaki navzod 57 favt rost meomad. Darozii miyonai umri mardon —37,2 sol, zanho —36,7 sol. Patologiyai infeksioni beshtar ast. Az kasalihoi karantini tablarzai zard, nagzak, vabo mushohida karda shudaast. Kasalihoi tifi shikam, dizenteriyai batsillavi, sil, makhav, trakhoma, kasalihoi guzarandai bachagon, kasalihoi jimoi bisyorand. Dar hama jo varaja mushohida meshavad. Kasalihoi poliomelit, gepatiti virusi khele bisyor ast. Dar Nigeriya shakli omekhtai nigahdorii tandurusti (ham yorii tibbii khususii kapitalisti va ham sektori davlati) vujud dorad. Soli 1968 2,8 hazor kasalkhonai doroi 28,1 hazor kat bud (0,5 kat ba 1000 kas). 3 hazor nafar dukhtur (1971) kor mekard (1 dukhtur ba 29 hazor kas), az jumla 626 nafar afrikoiho. Dukhturonro fakulteti tpbbii Universiteti Ibadan, maktabhoi Lagos va Zari tayyor mekunand. Az SSSR soli 1969 tajhizoti tibbi, 1968—1970 doruvor, lavozimoti bandu bast, 1971 vaksina baroi muboriza bo epidemiyai vabo ovarda shud. Dar Lagos markazi baynalkhalqii barhamdihii varaja kor mekunad.

Maorif. Dar ibtidoi 1975 70% aholi besavod bud. Dar maktabi ibtidoi taqriban 50% bachahoi 6—12-sola tahsil mekardand. Az soli 1976 talim dar maktabhoi ibtidoi va miyonai nopurra bepul, dar maktabi 6-solai ibti­doi hatmi elon karda shud. Soli tahsili 1975-1976 dar maktabhoi ib­tidoi 5 mln talaba mokhond. Muhlati tahsil dar maktabi miyona — 7 sol (5+2). Soli tahsili 1975-1976 dar maktabhoi miyona taqriban 500 hazor ta­laba bud. Soli tahsili 1974-1975 dar omuzishgohhoi pedagogi 47 hazor khonanda, dar sistemai tayyorii kasbhoi tekhniki taqriban 21 hazor khonanda, dar maktabhoi oli 23,3 hazor student bud. Dar mamlakat 13 universitet hast: Universiteti Ibadan (tasisash 1962), soli tahsili 1976-1977 ziyoda az 7,5 hazor student donsh. Universiteti Zaria ba nomi Ahmadu Bello (tasisash 1962) ziyoda az 6,7 hazor student; Universiteti Nsukka (tasisash 1960) ziyoda az 6,6 hazor student, Unstituti Ifa (tasi­sash 1961) ziyoda az 5 hazor student;1976 yak qator universitetho dar shahrhoi Port-Kharkort, Sokoto, Ilorin, Kalabara, Maydugiri va gayra tasis yoftand. Nigeriya chunin kitobkhonaho dorad: Kitobkhonan milli dar Lagos (1962), kitobkhonai Universiteti Ibadan (1948), kitobkhonai Universiteti Ifa, kitobkhonai Un-iversiteti Nsukka va gayra Muzeyhoi Nigeriya: dar Lagos, dar shahrhoi Benin, Kano, Ifa, Ilorin, Kaduna va gayra

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1977 dar Nigeriya 100 nashriyai davri chop meshud. Gazetahoi harruza ba zaboni anglnsi: «Deyli tayms» _(«Dai­ly Times»), gazetai hukumati, dar Lagos nashr meshavad, tasisash 1925. «Nyu nayjirian» («New Ni­gerian»), gazetai hukumati, dar Kaduna va Lagos nashr meshavad, ta­sisash 1948. «Uest afrikai paylot» nashr meshavad, tasisash 1937. «Dey­li sketch» («Daily Sketch»), dar Iba­dan nashr meshavad, tasisash 1964. Gazethoi harhaftaina: «Sandi tayms» («Sunday Times»), dar Lagos nashr meshavad, gazetai yakshanbegi, ba za­boni anglisi, tasisash 1953. «Iro- khin yoruba», dar Lagos ba zaboni  yoruba nashr meshavad, tasisash 1945. Jurnalho: «Dram» («Drum»), dar Lagos nashr meshavad, tasisash 1954. «Afriken spark» («African Spark»), dar Lagos nashr meshavad. «Nyu khorayzon» («New Horison»), progressivi, tasisash 1976. Agentii navigarihoi Nigeriya («New Ageney of Nige­ria»)— ageitii millii akhborot, ta­sisash 1976, oktyabri 1978 ba kor cap kard. Shirkati radioshunavonii Ni­geriya (The Nigerian Broadcasfing Corporation), tasisash 1957, dar Lagos voqe ast va programmai khudro ba zabonhoi anglisi, arobi, fransavi va zabonhoi mahalli meshunavonad. Ba on Khizmati tolevizionii Nigeriya (Nigerian Television Servi­ce) (tasisash 1962) dokhil ast.

Adabiyot. Aksari navisandagoni Nigeriya ba zaboni anglisi menavisand. Ba zabonhoi yoruba, ibo, khausa ananahoi adabi ba vujud omadand. Az okhiri asri 19 — avvali asri 20 publististika, ki dar khizmati harakati ozodikhohi bud, tashakkul yoft. Solhoi 20—40 nazmi grajdani ba vujud omad (N. Azikive, D. Osadebey). Solhoi 30 dramaturgiya tashakkul yoft. Avvalin romani nigeri  «Odamoni shahr»-i  S. Ekvensi soli 1954 nashr shud. Dar nasri solhoi 60 tavajjuhi navisandagon ba muhitu maishat, kushishi dar nazari khonandai evropoi «safed karda» nishon dodani Afri- kai patriarkhali mushohida mesha­vad: romanhoi O. Nzekvu «Asoi ofo» (1961), E. Amadi «Zani khudo» (1966). Adibon beshtar ba masalahoi ijti­moi mayl dorand: K. Agunva (tavallud 1933) «Boz yak bor kushish kun», Flo­ra Nvana (tavallud 1931) «Efuru»  va dig.  Dar romani T. Aluko (tavalludash 1920) «Kheshovandon» (1966) kushishi ofaridani ideali grajdani dida me­shavad. Tamoyuloti asosii taraqqiyoti nasri nigeri—tashakkuli realizmi tanqidi dar romanhoi Ch. Achebe (tavallud 1930) ba avji alo rasid (tri- logiyai «Vayroni ham omad», «Zindagii beqaror», «Tiri khudo»). Dra­maturgiya va nazmi solhoi 60 mazmuni ijyatimoi paydo kard (V. Shoyin­ka, dostoni «Idapre», pesahoi «Rasqsi jangal», «Roh», «Kosili Kongi», J. Klark, pesahoi «Surudi buz», «Ozodi»).

Memori va sanati tasviri. Iqomatgohi ananavi khonai gilin ast, (mudavvari bomash konusshakli khasin yo chorkunjai bomash hamvor va gayra), ki aksaran kandakori shudaast. Dar asri 14 dar shimoli Nigeriya barobari pahn shudani dini islom masjidho ba vujud omadand. Okhiri asri 19 ba memori unsurhoi barokkoi Amerikai Lotini roh yoft. Badi Jangi duyumi jahon shahrho bo binohoi seroshyona, asosan az rui loihahoi memoroni anglis, bo istifodai masoleh va konstruksiyahoi hozirazamoni binokori sokhta meshudand. Badi istiqloliyat giriftani Nigeriya memoroni mahalli ba maydon omadand (O. Olumuyiva, A. Ajemi). Aknun dar memori oroishoti barjasta (panjaraho va oroishi daru tirezaho), ki ustoho dar zaminai ananahoi ejodiyoti khalqi ijro mekardand, vase istifoda burda meshavad. Qadimtarin yodgorihoi sanati tasvirii Afrika ba madaniyati Nok mansuband. Dar nohiyahoi gunoguni Nigeriya haykalchahoi birinji yoft shudaand. Qadimtarini onhoro ba avvali davrai milod nisbat medihand. Dar shahr — davlathoi Ifa (asrhoi 11—13) va Benin (asrhoi 13—19) sokhtani haykalhoi safoli va birinji bagoyat ravnaq yofta bud. Taroshidani haykalhoi khurdi chubini odamon va hayvonot ananai qadimiest dar bayni khalqhoi yoruba, ibo, lbibio, ijo, ekoi. Hunarhoi badeii khalqi bo haykaltaroshii ananavi aloqai zich do­rand (tayyor kardani Kursihoi kan­dakori, dastionaho, matohoi rangorang, zarfhoi gunogunshakli safo­li, shishagi, charmin va gayra). Haykaltaroshon O. Idakh, F. Idubor, A. Akanji, rassomon U. Okeke, I. Vangboje ba ananahoi sanati nigeri takya mekunand. Namoyandagoni jarayoni realistii navi evropoi rassom A. Onabolu, haykaltarosh B. Envonvu meboshand.

Ad.: OlderoggeD. A., Zapadniy Sudan v XV—XIX vv., Ocherki po isto­rii i istorii kulturi, M.—L., i960;

P r i b i t k o v s k i ft L. N., Nigerii v borbe za nezavisimost, M., 196.1.; A so­li N. S., Nigeriya, M., 1963; I s m a g i- l o v a R. N., Narodi Nigerii, M., 1963; Iskusstvo stran i parodov mira, t. 3, M., 1971; Petrov E. A., Nigerii. M, 1971; Vavilov V. N., Proza Nige­rii, M., 1973; Beylis V. A., Vole Shoyinka, M., 1977; Sovremenna l Nige­riya (spravochnik), M., 1974.