Neft

Neft, naft, moei ravganmonandi suzandaest, ki bui makhsus dorad va dar qabati tahshinii zamin pahn shudaast. Yake az muhimtarin sarvathoi tabii meboshad. Yakjoya bo karbogidridhoi gazshakl, odatan, dar chuqurii ziyoda az 1,2—2 km hosil me­shavad. Dar rui zamin ba moei galiz yo moddai sakht (asfalt) tabdil meyobad.

Malumoti umumi, tarkibi khimiyavi va khosiyati fiziki. Neft az omekhtai karbogidridho (alkanho, sikloalkanho,

kar­bogidridhoi aromati) va payvasthoe iborat ast, ki dar tarkibashon ba gayr az atomhoi karbon va gidrogen, atomhoi oksigen, sulfur va nitrogen niz dorand. Rangash az jigarii kushod yo qarib berang to buri tira yo siyoh meshavad. Dar Nefthoi SSSR alkanho nisbatan ziyodtarand (ziyoda az 50%). Payvasthoi oksigendori Neft asosan kislotahoi nafteni, asfaltenu moddahoi zifti meboshand. Ba payvasthoi sulfurdori Neft sulfidi gidrogen, merkaptanho, sulfidu disulfidho, tiofenu tiofanho, inchunin payvasthoi politsiklin sulfurdor mansuband. Payvasthoi nitrogendori Neft asosan gomologhoi piri­din, gidropiridin va gidrokhinolin meboshand. Gazhoi dar neft halshuda (az 0,2 to 3%), ob va namakhoi minerali niz juzhoi tarkibi Neftand. Dar tarkibi khokistari Neft yak qator alementho (Sa, Mg, Fe, Al, Si, V, Na va gayra) niz oshkor karda shuda­ast. Khosiyati fizikii Neft ba tarkibi on vobasta ast. Nefte, ki zichiash 870 kg/m³ ast, Nefti s a b u k, 871—910 kg/m³ — m i yo n a va az 910 kg/m³

ziyod — vaznin nomida meshavad. Neft odatan dar 28° S ba jushidan cap mekunad; garmirunoiash 0,4— 0,5 kkal/kg °S; garmii suzishash 10400—11000 kkal/kg. Tarkibi elementarii Neft ham khele gunogun buda, vay 82,5 ÷ 87% S,     11,5÷14,5% N, 0,05÷0,35 %, bazan to 0,7 O, 0,001 ÷ 5,3% S, 0,001 ÷    1,8%    N, inchunin

ba miqdori kam vanadiy, fosfor, kaliy, nikel, ohan va gayra dorad. Nefthoro nisbat ba miqdori sulfur va zifte, ki dar tarkibashon mavjud ast, ba Nefthoi kamsulfur (0,5%), sulfurdor (0,5—2%), sersulfur (az 2% ziyod), kamzift (to 17%), ziftdor (18—35%) va serzift (az 35% ziyod) taqsim mekunand. Oid ba kharakteristikai Nefthoi Tojikiston nig. jadval.

Paydoishi Neft Masalai tabiati genetiki va sharoithoi paydoyashi Neft to hol purra omukhta nashudaast. Dar in bora du aqida — farziyai paydoishi gayriorganiki va organikii Neft  vujud dorad. Soli 1866 khimiki fransavi M. Bertlo takhmini dar qari zamin dar natijai ba metallhoi ishqori tasir kardani oksidi karbon (IV) va soli 1871 khimiki digari fransavi G. Biasson aqidai hangomi tasiri hamdigarii ob, S0₂ va H₂S bo ohani tafson paydo shudani Neftro bayon kardand. Soli 1877 D. I. Mendeleev farziyai paydoishi mineralii (karbidii) Neftro peshnihod namud. Solhoi 50—60 asri 20 boz yak qator olimoni soveti (N. A. Kudryav­sev, V. B. Porfirev, G. N. Dolenko va digaron) va khoriji (anglis F. Khoyl va digaron) farziyahoi paydoishi kayhoni, vulkoni va magmatogenii Neftro peshnihod kardand.

Dar okhiri asri 19 va avvali asri 20 muayyan gardidani faoliyati optikii Neft va aloqai on bo moddai organikii sapropelii jishoi tahshini baroi donistani genezisi Neft roli muhim bozid. Farziyai sapropelii paydoishi Neftro, ki    solhoi 1904—1905 bori avval botaniki nemis G. Potopi bayon karda bud, minbad olimoni rus N. I. Andrusov. V. I. Vernadskiy, I. M. Gubkin, N. D. Zelinskiy va digaron inkishof dodand. Soli 1934 dar Neft asfaltu angisht va porfirinhoe, ki ba tarkibi molekulai khlorofill va digar pigmenthoi tabii dokhiland va       solhoi 50 dar tahshinii obanborhoi gunogun (kul, bahr, uqyonus) karbogidridhoi tarkibi Neft kashf karda shudand. Manbai asosie, ki az on Neft hosil meshavad, boqimondai hayvonhoi gunogun (asosan plankton) va rastaniho meboshand, ki yakjoya bo jinshoi tahshini omekhta shuda, moddahoi organikii sapropeli hosil mekunand. In moddaho ba zonai nefthosilshavi (hududi boloii in zona az 1300 m to 3000 m) rasida, dar zeri tasiri harorati (50° S va az on ham ziyod) ba tabadduloti khimiyavi duchor megardand. Molekulai murakkabi onho vayron shuda, karbogidridhoi gazshakl, moe va sakht hosil mekunand. Dar chuqurii boz ham ziyodtar in prosess beshtar avj megirad. Az rui in malumot mavqei tarafdoroni farziyai paydoishi organikii Neft zohiran mustahkam ast. Vale solhoi okhir farziyan paydoishi gayriorganikii Neft bo tadqiqoti nav taqviyat yofta, huquqi mavjudiyat paydo kard. Olimoni ukrain fishoru (15 hazor atm) harorati baland (1400°)-ro istifoda burda, az karbo­nu gidrogene, ki dar tarkibi karbidi volfram mavjudand, dahho karbogidridhoi tarkibi Neft (metan, etap, propan, butan va gayra)-ro hosil namudand. Mutakhassisoni Instituti ge­ologiya va geokhimiyai sarvathoi suzandai AF RSSU tajribahoi ziyode guzaronida. isbot namudand, ki na faqat karbidi metallho, balki har yak moddae, ki dar tarkibash karbon (moddai biogeni, karbonatho, karbonatitho, duoksidi karbon) va gidro­gen (ob, asosho va gayra) dorad, dar sharoiti muayyani termodinamiki karbon va gidrogeni baroi hosil shudani karbogidridhoi Neft zarurro doda metavonad. Neft dar chuqurii az 500— 3000 m. (qismi ziyodi on) to 6000— 7000 m duchor meshavad. Qabathoi Neftdori Zamin ba hamai doirahoi geo­logi mansub ast. Ammo zakhirai asosii on ba davrahoi devon, yura, taboshir va gayra rost meoyad.

K o n h o i Neft Sharoiti zarurii hosilshavii Neft mavjudiyati havza- hoi tahshini meboshad. Konhoi Neft dar jinshoi antiklinali va domhoi tabiii monostrukturavii tektoni joygir meshavand. Agar dar kon miqdori Neft az mpqdori gaz ziyod boshad, koni Neftu gaz, barake boshad — g az u Neft, agar gazu kondensat yakjoya vokhurad, koni gazu kondensat nomida meshavad. Yakchand konhoi Nefti nazdiki ham joygirshuda rayonhoi Neftu gaz, rayonho viloyathoi Neftu gaz va viloyatho havzahoi Neftuu gazro tashkil medihand. Masalan, havzahoi Neftu gazi Volgayu Ural, Sibiri Gapbi, Fargona va gayra Masohati havzaho az yakchand hazor to yakchand mln km² meshavand. Dar ayni zamon 350 havzai Neft malum ast. Konhoi Neft dar hamai qitaho (ba gayr az Antark­tida) yoft shudaand. Qarib 85% Nefti jahoniro 5%-konhoi ba istifoda dodashuda medihand; har yaki in guna konho ziyoda az 0,5 mlrd t Neft dorand; chunin konhoi kalontarin beshtar dar Sharqi Nazdik (Arabistoni Saudi, Kuveyt) voqeand. Kalontarin konhoi Nefti ShMA dar Alyaska va Tekhas dida meshavand. Dar territoriyai SSSR konhoi Neft asri 19 dar nimjazirai Apsheron, nohiyai Grozniy, kishvari Krasnodar, nimjazirai Cheleksen, Sakhalin, dar arafai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani dar havzai Neftu gazi Volgayu Ural, dertar dar garbi Turkmaniston, dar Kazoqiston, kishvari Stavro­pol, dar Ukraina va Belorussiya yoft shudand; solhoi 50—60 asri 20 yake az havzahoi kalontarini jahon — havzai Neftuu gazi Sibiri Garbi kashf shud.

Dar Tojikiston konhoi zerini Neft mavjudand: Oqboshadir va Kichik Bel (dar Vakhsh), Shambari va Qurgoncha (dar Hisor), Konibodom va Rabot (dar vodii Fargona).

Neft h o s i l k u n i az eamonhoi qa­dim malum ast. Usuli az rui oban- borhoi kushod jam kardani Neftro pesh az milod dar Mod, Bobuliston, Suriya va asri 1 dar Sitsiliya ba kor meburdand. Dar Rossiya in usulro avvalin bor F. S. Pryadupov (1745) istifoda karda ast. Soli 1858 dar nimjazirai Cheleksen va 1868 dar khonii Quqapd Neftro az rui obi juyhoi az kul jorishavanda jam karda megiriftand.

Az chohho kashidani Neft hanuz az asri 5 pesh az milod dar Kissiya, asri 8 dar nimjazirai Apsheron va asrhoi 10—13 dar Surkhan va Balkan malum bud. Usuli az choh kashidani Neftro dar Boku asri 17 tabiatshinosi nemis E. Kempfer peshnihod kardaast. Chuqu­rii in chohho to 27 m buda, devori onho bo sang yo chub mustahkam karda meshud.

Solhoi 60 asri 19 ba kashidani Neft az chohhoi bo parma koftashuda shuru namudand. Soli 1865 bo usuli mekhani­ki (bo yorii nasos) giriftani Neft bo­ri avval dar ShMA jori gardid In usul soli 1874 dar Gurjiston, 1876 dar Boku va 1895 dar Grozniy niz isti­foda shud. Soli 1886 V. G. Shukhov usu­li kompressorii kashidani Neftro peshnihod namud. Muvofiqi in usul ba chohi Neft gaz yo havo cap medihand. Gaz (havo) bo Neft omekhta shuda, zichii onro kam mekunad va omekhtai Neftu gaz ba rui choh mebaroyad. Yake az usulhoi beshtar takmilyoftai hosil kardani Neft usuli gaz-lift ast. In usulro s.oli 1914 M. M. Tikhvinskiy peshnihod namud. Muvofiqi in usul kompressor ba vositai gulbaho ba qabati neftdori kon gaz yo havo mefiristad, ki on emulsiyai gazu moe hosil karda, bo gulbai digar bolo mebaroyad. Prosessi hosil kardani Neft se davraro darbar megirad: 1) rakati Neft az qabati neftdor ba chohi neftkashi; 2) baromadani Neft az choh ba berun; 3) jam kardan, az ga­zu ob judo kardan va az namakhoi minerali toza kardani Neft.

K o r k a r d i Neft Az rui malumothoi arkheologi istifodai Neft az hazorai 6 to melod malum ast. Dar hazorai 3 to melod dar davlathoi bayni Baynannahrayn va Misr asfaltro yakjoya bo peg va ohak omekhta chun masolehi payvandkunanda va obnaguzaronanda istifoda mekardand. Neftro dar charogho mesukhtand, chun doru va yakjoya bo selitra chun moddai dargiranda dar kori harbi istifoda me­burdand. Usuli taqtiri Neft az avvalhoi erai mo malum buda, onro ba­roi tayyor kardani doru istifoda burdaand. Tabibi Yunoni Qadim Kassiy Feliks va olimi tojik Abuali ibni Sino oid ba taqtiri Neft tajribaho guzaronidaand. Geografi khorazmi Baqron (asri 13) avvalin shu­da dar borai taqtiri Nefti Boku ma­lumot dodaast. Dar asri 18 ba munosibati koftukov va omuzishi konhoi Neft ba taqtiri Neft etibori kalon do­da shud. Laboratoriyahoi taqtiri Neft sokhta shudand. Soli 1823 barodaron Dubininho dar nazdikii shahri Mozdok zavodi nefttaqtirkunandai davri sokhtand. Soli 1873 dar 80 zavodi taqtiri Neft dar Boku sole 16350 t karasin megiriftand. Talabot ba mahsuloti Neft ruz az ruz meafzud. Binobar in zavodhoi taqtiri Neft niz takmil meyoftand. Ba chop apparathoi davri amalkunanda apparathoi doimo amalkunanda guzoshta meshudand. Avvalin apparathoi doimo amalkunanda soli 1883 az tarafi A. A. Tavrizov va soli 1886 az tarafi V. G. Shukhov va F. A. Inchik ikhtiro karda shud. Dar bay­ni onho batareyahoi kubii doimo amalkunanda etibori kalon paydo kardand.

Dar Rossiyai torevolyutsiopi sanoati avtomobilsozi va aviatsioni sust taraqqi karda bud, binobar in ba benzin ehtiyoj kam bud. Bo vujudi in olimon va injeneroni rus ba maqsadi bo rohi piroliz hosil kar­dani digar mahsuloti Neft prosessi korkardi Neftro muntazam meomukhtand.

Soli 1891 V. G. Shukhov va S. Gavri­lov baroi kreking-prosess apparat ikhtiro kardand Onho avvalin shu­da usuli hangomi dar gulbaho harakat kardani Neft garm kardani onro taklif namudand To soli 1917 dar Rossiya taqtiri Neft dar batareyahoi kubii doimo amalkunanda usuli asosii korkardi Neft ba shumor meraft.

Sanoati korkardi Neft dar SSSR asosan dar davrai panjsolahoi avval (1929—1940) rivoj yoft. Solhoi 1933—1937 dar Ishimboy va Ufa zavodhoi korkardi Neft ba kor daromadand. Dar shahrhoi Saratov, Krasnodar, Orsk, Kha­barovsk, Odessa, Kherson yak qator korkhonahoi korkardi Neft sokhta shu­dand. Dar solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani (1941—1945) sanoati korkardi Nefti SSSR front va aqibgohro bo suzishvori va ravganhoi molidani tamin namud. Badi jang sanoati korkardi Neft bosurat taraqqi kard. Soli 1970 nazar ba 1965 1,44 marotiba ziyod Neft kor karda shud. Yak qator zavodu korkhonahoi navi korkardi Neft va dastgohhoi puriqtidor sokhta shudand. Dar mamlakathoi kapitalisti sanoati korkardi Neft dar ShMA, Yapo­niya, RFG, Italiya, Britaniyai Kabir taraqqi kardaast. Dar Tojikiston dar Kolkhozobod (viloyati Qurgonteppa) zavodi bitumistehsolkunanda sokhta shudaast, ki vay sole ziyoda az 50 hazor t bitum mebarorad.

Baroi az ob va namak toza kardan Neftro nagz omekhta, onro bo kamtar obi durushti deemulgator hamroh kardashuda meshuyand. Bad emulsiyai hosilshudaro to 100—140° S, bazan to 160° S garm karda, az degidratori elektrni doimo amalkunanda meguzaronand. Emulsiya dar zeri tasiri maydoni elektrii balandshiddat (1,3—3 kv sm), deemulgator va harorat tajziya shuda, obu namakhoi dar on halshuda takshon meshavand. Ba­roi sobitonii Neft az on fraksiyahoi propan, butan va qisman pentanro judo mekunand. Fraksiyai propan­butan baroi sanoati neftu khimiya ashyoi khomi muhim ba shumor meravad. Neft az obu namak toza kardashudaro dar dastgohhoi makhsus taqtir karda, az on benzin, suzishvorii reaktivi, karasin, suzishvorii di­zeli va mazut megirand. Minbad az mazut ravganhoi distillyati, para­fin, bitum va gayra hosil mekunand. Boqimondai mazut (konsentrat, gud­ron) bads taqtiri ravganhoi bo­qimonda dar sokhtmon va gayra istifoda meshavad. Afzudani doirai istemoli mahsuloti Neft va baland shudani talabot ba sifati onho zarurati korkardi duyumini Neftro ba miyon ovard. Hangomi korkardi duyumini Neft az on payvasthoi oksigen, nitrogen va sulfurdor hosil mekunand. Ba korkardi duyumini Neft prosesshoi krekingi termiki, termokontakti, katalizi, gidrokreking, alkiloni, izomerizatsiya, polimerizatsiya va gayra mansuband. Baroi toza kardani Neft az omekhtahoi nolozim (sulfur, payvasthoi ziftdor, oksigendor va gayra) usulhoi fiziki, fizikiyu khimiyavi va gayraro ba kor mebarand.

Ad.: Sergienko S. R. Ocherk raz­vitiya khimii i pererabotki nefti. M., 1955; Karsev A. A., Osnovi geokhi­mii nefti i gaza. M., 1089; Tekhnologiya  tekhnika dobichi nefti i gaza, M., 1971; Sokolov V. A., Bestujev M. A Tikhomolova T. V., Khimicheskiy so­stav neftey i prirodnikh gazov v svyazi s ikh proiskhojdeniem. M., 1972.