Nazariyai sokhti hujayravii organizmho

Nazariyai sokhti hujayravii organizmho, nazariyaest dar borai umumiyati paydoishi organizmhoi ziyoda va yagonagii prinsiphoi sokhtu inkishofi onho. Ba aqidai F. Engels Nazariya yake az jambasthoi mu-

himi biologist, ki boisi taraqqiyoti tabiatshinosi dar asri 19 gardidaast. Muvofiqi Nazariya unsuri asosii rastani va hayvonot hujayra mebo­shad. Hamai organizmhoi zinda doroi khususiyati yagonagi va inkishofi evolyutsioniand.

Sokhti hujayravii rastanihoro bo yorii mikroskop hanuz dar nimai duyumi asri 17 tabiatshinosi anglis R. Guk mushohida karda bud. Okhori asri 18 dar zeri tasiri goyahoi falsafi dar ilm fikre oid ba yagonagii tabiati zinda ba miyon omad. Ba tufayli in baroi aniq kardani umumiyati sokhti rastani va hayvonot kushishhoi avvalin guzaronida shud. (K. F. Volf, L. Oken); in kushishho minbad baroi ba vujud omadani Nazariya zamina guzoshtand. Avvali asri 19 rivoju ravnaqi mikroskopiya baroi omukhtani sokhti hujayra imkoniyat dod. Aniq karda shud, ki hujayra in strukturaest, ki jildi khudro dorad. Ba zammi on jild qismi asosii hujayra buda, unsurhoi boqimonda qismi gayriasosiand. Dar hujayrai rastani mavjud budani yadroro R. Broun (1831) bayon namud. Minbad M. Shleyden ba yadro diqqat doda, onro sitoblast — bavujudovarandai hujayra nomid. Avvalhoi choryaki duyumi asri 19 ba tufayli tadqiqoti biologi chekh Ya. Purkine oid ba sokh­ti mikroskopii boftahoi hayvonot malumoti bisyore jam ovarda shud.

Dar jambast namudani hamai in malumot khizmati olimi nemis T. Shvann khele kalon ast. U tadqiqoti M. Shleydenro omukhta, dar yadro yak qator kriteriyahoero mushohida na­mud, ki ba vositai onho strukturai boftai hayvonot va hujayrai ras­tanihoro muqoisa kardan mumkin ast. Minbad Nazariya ba organizmhoi yakhujayravi (soddatarinho), ki chun organizmhoi ozod hayot guzaronanda shinokhta shudand, tatbiq gardid (K. Zibold, 1848). Rivoju ravnaqi minbadai Nazariya ba kashfi protoplazma va taqsimshavii hujayra aloqa do­rad.

Soli 1858 I. R. Verkhov ba maqomi halkunanda doshtani yadro dar hujayra ahamiyat dod va prinsipi bo rohi taqsimshavi hosil shudani hujayraro bayon namud. Solhoi 70—80 boshad, mitoz — usuli universalii taqsimshavii hujayra kashf shud. Okhiri asri 19 organoidhoi hujayra tadqiq shud va dar hujayrahoi rasteaniyu hayvonot maqomi kalon doshta­ni onho isbot gardid.

Nazariyai hozira ba sokhti hujayravi doshtani organizmhoi bisyorhujayra va yak jismi tom budani onho asos yoftaast. Organizm to chi andoza murakkabtar boshad, jismi tom buda­ni on hamon qalar ziyodtar zohir megardad. Yak jismi tom budani hay­vonot tavassuti sistemahoi asab va gumorali va rastaniho boshad, tavassuti aloqai sitoplazmavii hujayra tatbiq megardad.

Ad.: Vermel E. M., Istoriya uche­niya o kletke. M., 1970.