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Nazariyai nisbiyat

Nazariyai nisbiyat hozira nazariyai fizikii fazo, vaqt va jozi-baro guyand, ki allomai asri 20 A. Eynshteyn solhoi 1905—1915 tahiya kar- daast. Az rui tashbehi khudi Eynsh­teyn Nazariyai navho sulolaero memonad, ki az du shajara tarkib yoftaast — odatan yakero n a z a r i ya i  juzii n i s b i ya t va digarero nazariyai kullii n i s b i ya t menomand. (Dar korkardi qismathoi judogonai on G. Lorents, A. Puankare, G. Min­kovskiy, D. Gilbert va digaron shirkat varzidaand). Az ahdi qadim in jonib bar bunyodi fizika prinsipi nisbiyati harakat tsaror giriftaast, ki onro F. Engels in tavr tarif dodaast: «Kh,arakati jismi alohida vujud nadorad,— dar borai harakati vay fajat ba manii nisbi sukhan guftan mumkin ast».

(Marks K., En­gels F., Soch., t. 20, s. 564). Dar voqe chun sukhan az harakati kishti dar bahr yo poezd bo rohi ohan meravad, mo hatman boyad plova kunom, ki onho nisbat ba chi harakat mekunand (sohil, platforma). Az in jihat agar mo, sokinoni Zamin, hamrohi sayyoraamon dar fazoi tamoman kholi i kayhon parvoz mekardem, har- giz muayyan karda nametavonistem, ki dar harakatem yo dar holati oromishi kulli, zero be sistemai sarhisob khudi mafhumi harakat yagon mani nadorad. Sanghoe, ki dar Du­shanbe va Vashington az balandie partofta meshavand, ba «poyop» (rui zamin) meaftand, vale nisbat ba markazi Zamin onho ba samthoi ta­moman muqobil harakat mekunand. Pas, kadom sistemai sarhisob durust ast — rui Zamin yo markazi vay? Hamai sistemahoi sarhisob ba­robar durustand, harchand ki shoyad yake az onho qulaytar boshad. Agar takhmini fizikhoi asri guzashta dar borai vujud doshtani yak nav muhiti umumikayhoni (ba istiloh asir yo efir) rost mebaromad, on goh in muhitro ba sifati sistemai sarhi- sobi hamagoni (universali) pazirufta, hamai navhoi harakatro nisbat ba vay muoina kardan mum­kin megardid (az jumla aftishi sangro chi dar Dushanbe va chi dar Vashington yak khel muayyan kardan mumkin mebud).

Ammo, bar khilofi chashmdosht, tajribahoi fizikie, ki dar okhiri asri 19 ba amal barovarda shudand (nig. Tajribai Maykelson), bo kamoli daqiqi vujud nadoshtani efirro sobit kardand. Nazariyai navho aynan dar natijai tahlilu taammuli daleli tajriba dar khususi vujud nadoshtani siste­mai sarhisobi hamagoni tashakkul yoftaast. Nazariyai juzii nisbiyat bo masalahoe kordor ast, ki bo sistemahoi sarhisobi inersiali vobastaand. (In mafhum az zamoni Nyuton in jonib dar fizika mamul ast. Sistemahoi sar­hisobi inortsiali gufta sistemahoi sarhisobero menomand, ki nisbat ba yakdigar bo surati doimi harakat mekunand). Nazariyai kullii nisbi­yat boshad, ba masalahoi fizikie kordor ast, ki bo sistemahoi sarhisobi gayriinertsiali vobastaand. (Sistemahoi sarhi­sobi gayriinertsiali gufta sistemahoero guyand, ki nisbat ba yakdigar tezshavanda yo sustshavanda ha­rakat mekunand).

Nazariyai juzii nisbiya t. Fizikai Nyuton bar poyai tas- diqoti zerin qaror girifta bud: 1) Vaqtu fazo yak navi ashkoli mutlad buda, novobasta ba ashyovu hodisoti tabii vujud dorand (misoli satile, ki novobasta az ob doshtan va yo nadoshtanash khud az khud vujud dorad); 2) Vaqtu fazo ba hamdigar niz vobastagie nadorand; 3) Tasiroti fiziki dar yak on pahn mesha- vad, surati vay haddu hudude na­dorad; 4) Surati harakati murakkab ba hosili jami surathoe baro­bar ast, ki az onho harakati mazkur tarkib yoftaast. (Chunonchi, agar odam dar daruni poezd ru ba samti hara­kati vay roh gardad, ongoh surati hosila ba v poezd + v odam barobar meshavad). Nazariyai juzii nisbi­yat, ki on ba istilohi digar m e kh a n i k a i  relyativisti nom giriftaast, az rui prinsiphoi asosi va natijavu khulosahoyash az mekhanikai Nyuton ba kulli farq mekunad. Vay bar poyai du prinsipi zerin qaror giriftaast, ki az khudi tajri­bai fiziki barmeoyand. Yakero prinsinisbiyat guyand, ki daleli vujud nadoshtani sistemai sarhiso­bi hamagoniro ba hukmi qonun medarorad. Tarifash chunin ast: har yak qonune, ki nisbat ba yagon sistemai sarhisob (A) ijro meshavad, boyad dar hama guna sistemai digar (V) ijro shavad, ba sharte ki A va V nis­bat ba yakdigar rostkhatta va muntazam harakat kunand. Dar holati ha­rakat yo oromii nisbi budani chunin sistemahoi fizikiro bo yagon khel tajribai mekhaniki, elektromagniti va yo yagon tarzi digar muayyan kar­dan mumkin nest.

Digar rukni nazariyai juzii nis­biyat prinsipi tagyirnopazirii surati pahnshavii nur ast, ki on­ro ba tavri zerin tarif medihand: dar fazoi holi (vakuum) nuri rushnoi ba hama taraf yak khel bo yak surati doimi pahn meshavad, ki miqdorash az surati harakati khu­di manbai rushnoi vobasta nest. In hukmi fizikiro, ki aslan az botini elektrodinamikai Maksvell-Lo­rens barmeoyad, jambasti natijahoi eksperimenti Maykelsonu Morli donistan mumkin ast. (Dar in eksperiment isbot gardid, ki surati pahnshavii nur chi ba samti harakati Zamin va chi ba samti mudobil yak khel ast va hol on ki dar mavridi avval az rui mekhanikai Nyu­ton meboist surati harakati Za­min ba surati nur jam meshud.)

In du prinsip mantiqan ba ham chandon muvofiq nameomadand. Mahz nazariyai juzii nisbiyat bud, ki bar ivazi tagyir dodani kinemati­ka, aniqtarash komilan digargun sokhtani tasavvuroti klassiki oid ba fazovu vaqt prinsiphoi mazkurro andaruni yak aqidai tomi fiziki muttahid karda ast, ki on prinsipi nisbiyati Eynshteyn nom dorad. Eynshteyn qonunhoi relyativistero daryoft, ki ba digargursozii koordinataho va vaqt hangomi az yak sistemai inersiali (A) ba digarash (V) guzashtan oid buda, qonunhoi peshinai Galileyu Nyutonro takmilu tamin medihand. Farz kardem, sistemahoi mazkura nisbat ba yakdigar bo surati v harakat mekunand va mo hodisae (masalan, radu barq)-ro avval az sistemai yakum (A) va soni az sistemai duyum (V) mushohida mekunem. Hodisai mavridi mushohida dar sistemai yakum bo koordiiatahoi fazoii khA, uA, zA va vaqt tA dar sistemai duyum boshad, bo koordinatahoi fazoii khV, uV, zV va vaqti tV ifoda meshavad. (Dar lahzai t = 0 dar sistemahoi A va V nuqtahoi sarhisob OA va OV ba ham rost meoyand). Hangomi az A va V guzashtan koordinata va vaqti sodirshavii hodisai mavridi mushohida az rui prinsipi nisbiyati Galiley ba tavri zerin ifoda meyoband:

khV= khA-v tA, uV= uA, zV= zA;

Az rui prinsipi nisbiyati Eynsh­teyn boshad, formulahoi mazkur shaklhoi komilan navro megirand:

                                                                   X R                 Y    =  Y;    

                                   ZB= ZA; tB

(Harakat ba samti tiri kh surat megirad va az in ru u va z tagyir nameyoband). In irodahoi matematikiro tabdiloti Lorents menomand. Dar on jo chunin daleli tajri­ba sabt shudaast, ki.yagon jismi tabiat az nur teatar harakat karda nametavonad, (Dar surati v = s makh­raji ifodai mazkura ba sifr barobar meshavad, hangomi v > s boshad, reshai    ba buzurgii mavhum tabdil meyobad). Khulosahoi navi fizikie, ki az nazariyai juzii nisbiyat barmeoyand, inhoand: 1) Yakvaqti va paydarhamii hodisahoi fiziki nisbist. Chunonchi, du hodisae, ki dar nuqtahoi gunoguni fazo ba amal meoyandu onhoro mushohida yakum (sistemai inersialii A) yakvaqta meshumorad, az nazari musho­hidi duyum (sistemai inersialii V, ki nisbat ba A rostkhatta va muntazam harakat mekunad) yakvaqta nameboshad va baraks; 2) Qaddi jismhoi mutaharrika ba samti harakatashon kutoh meshavad (ba qadri afzudani surat jismho kutoh shudan megi­rand va nihoyat hangomi v = s hajmashon ba sifr barobar meshavad); 3) Ba qadri afzudani surati haraka­ti jism massai vay toraft meafzoyad va hangomi v = s ba buzurgii beintiho tabdil meyobad; 4) Dar jismhoi mutaharrika soat gashti khudro sust mekunad (chunonchi, soate, ki dar ekvatori Zamin guzoshta shuda­ast, nazar ba soati dar qutb buda andake susttar megardad) va agar v = s shavad umumay az oarakat memonad; 5) Hama guna jism energiyai daruniero dorost, ki miqdorash ba hosili zarbi massai sokini u va kvadrati surati nuri rushnoi ba­robar ast (E = m0sa).

Hamai natijahoi nombarshudai nazariyai juzii nisbiyat dar amal sanjida va bore chand bo kamoli aniqi sobit shudaand. Agar nazariyai juzii nisbiyat durust namebud, na suratfizohoi zarrahoi elemen­tari amal mekardandu na bombahoi yadroiro sokhtan mumkin mebud. Hodisahoi navi fizikie, ki vujud doshtan va chi tavr amal kardani onhoro nazariyai juzii nisbiyat peshgui va tabir medihad, faqat dar mavridi bo surathoi tahtunnur harakat kardan zohir meshavand. Dar mavridhoi muqarrari (yane, dar surati v < s) onho chunon nazarnogirand, ki mushohida kardan amri muhol astyu Az in jost, ki dar mavridhoi mazkur qonunhoi mekhanikai relyativistii Eynshteyn ba qonunhoi mekhanikai Nyuton mubaddal mesha­vand. (Chunonchi, tabdiloti Lorens dar surati    «1 va  khA « tA ba tabdiloti Galiley mubaddal mesha­vand.) Nazariyai juzii nisbiyat na­zariyai juzie nest, ki dar chahor- chubai yak sohai muayyani fiziki mahdud monda boshad. Vay na faqat ba makrofizika, balki inchunin ba mikrofizika (az jumla mekhanikai kvanti) bevosita dakhl dorad. Qonunhoi nazariyai juzii nisbiyatro bori avval P. Dirak ba halli masalahoi mikrofizika tatbiq namuda, dar in zamina nazariyai kvantiyu relyativistii elektronro tahiya kard. Mahz dar asosi hamin nazariya dar tabiat vujud doshtani antizarraho (dar mavridi mazkur pozitron, ki dugoniki elektron buda, az on faqat az jihati zaryad farq mekunad) peshgui karda shud (P. Dirak, 1928).

Dar natijai tarkiban ba ham omekhtani nazariyai juzii nisbiyat va mekhanikai kvanti sodai navi fi­zika — nazariyai kvantii maydon tashakkul yoft, ki holo dar navbati khud baroi omukhtapi qonuniyathoi olami zarrahoi elementari zamina shudaast.

Nazariyai kullii nisbiyat qonuniyathoi na faqat harakati suratu samtash doimi, balki umumai hamai navhoi harakat (az jumla harakati suratu samtash tagyiryobanda) -ro tavsifu tabir mekunad. Nazariyai juzii nisbiyat mazmuni fizikii prinsipi nisbi­yati harakatro qisman istifoda mebarad, zero faqat nisbiyati harakati rostkhatta va muntazamero muoina mekunad, ki dar fazoi az quvvai joziba kholi surat megirad Naza­riyai kullii nisbiyat boshad, maemuni prinsipi nisbiyati hamaguna harakatro purra istifoda burda, qonunhoi fizikiro dar shakli muodilahoe ifoda mekunad, ki az intikhobi sistemai sarhisob vobasta nes­ta in, yane dar hamai sistemahoi koordinataho (az jumla sistemahoe, ki kajkhatta va tezshavanda harakat mekunand) barobar ba kor meoyand.

Goyai asosie, ki bar bunyodi on nazariyai kullii nisbiyat qaror gi- riftaast, vujud doshtani robitai darunnest dar bayni maydoni jozi­ba va geometriyai fazovaqt. Modiyati in robita iborat az on ast, ki khosiyathoi geometrii fazovaqt (metrikai vay) khosiyathoi tagyirnopaziri fazovu vaqt nestand; onhoro padidahoi konkretii fiziki muayyan va muqarrar mekunand.

Sistemai muodilahoi nazariyai kullii nisbiyat (nig. Muodilahoi Eynshteyn) na faqat yagonagii may­doni jozibayu geometriyai fazovaqtro, balki inchunin robitai maydoni jozibayu geometriyai fazovaqtro bo massahoi materiali (dar tarkibi muodilahoi Eynshteyn “namoyanda”-i matematikii onho tenzori energiyaimpuls Tij meboshad) ifoda meku­nad. In robita robitai mutaqobilaest. Az yak su, taqsimot va harakati massaho tabiati kontinuumi fazovaqtro ba kulli tagyr medihad (in tagyirot ba darajaest, ki geometriyai Evklid digar ba kor naomada memonad va istifoda burdani geomet­riyai Riman zarur meshavad) va az sui digar, khudi taqsimotu harakati massaho az geometriyai fazvaqt barmeoyad. Ba in mani dar bayni materiya va fazovaqt, ki zotan shak­li mavjudiyati ust, yak nav tasiri mutaqobile joy dorad.

Az sistemai muodilahoi Eynsh­teyn barmeoyad, ki dar olami kholi az moddavu maydoni joziba jismho rostkhatta va muntazam, yane az rui shasti avvalaashon harakat mekunand. Dar olami voqei boshad, jimho az rui khathoi kaj harakat mekunand; har yak jismi massaash qiyosan kalon fazoi atrofi khudro kaj me- kunad. (Chunonchi, girdogirdi Zaminro davr zada gashtani Moh va az sababi on ast, ki Zamin uro bo quvvae ba khud jazb mekuvad, balki ba jihati on meboshad, ki fazoi atro­fi vay kaj ast). Sistemai muodilahoi Eynshteyn aynan chigunagii khathoi mazkurro (onhoro kh a t h o i  g e o d e z i  menomand) muayyan karda, dar zimni in qonuniyathoi khosi harakati jismhoro dar fazovaqti kaj (kontinuumi psevdorimavi) tavsifu tabir medihad.

Farqi bayni nazariyai «Jozibai umumijahoni»-i Nyuton va nazarviyai kullii nisbiyati Eynshteyn faqat dar surati muoina kardana hodisahoe zohir meshavad, ki dar maydoni purquvvati pravitatsioni rui medihand. Dar hududi sistemai Oftob va farq ba goyati daraja nazarnogir ast va az in ru ham to ba hamin qaribiho nazariyai kullii nisbiyat yak sohai mavhumi fizika hisob meshud, ki dar on asosan matematikho quvvaozmoi mekardand. Az solhoi 60 cap karda, vaqte ki dar kayhon kva­zarho va pulsarho barin obekthoi gayrioddi kashf shudand, tavajjuhi olimon ba nazariyai kulli nisbiyat yakbora afzud. Dar natija sohai navi astrofizika — astrofizi­kai relyativisti tashakkul yoft, ki allakay bo komyobihoi hayratangezash (nig. Siyachoh) nom barovarda dar barobari kosmologiyai relyativisti nufuzi ilmi paydo kardaast.

Nazariyai nisbiyat az khudi ogozi intishor shudanash cap karda mavridi bahsu munozirai falsafiyu metodologi qaror giriftaast. Natija va khulosahoi inqilobii vay az tarafi faylasufoni gunogunmaslak ba tarzu tariqi gunogun manidod gardida, ba arsagohi zadukhurdi shadidi goyavi mubaddal shudand.

Nazariyai kullii nisbiyat yak bahsi domanadori falsafiero, ki dar tuli 2 hazor sol davom kard, intiqodan jambast namud. On bahse bud dar bobi sirishti fazo dar munosibati u ba materiya. Dar khudi zamoni ataqa dar bayni du guruh mutafakkiron-onhoe, ki fazoi kholi az mate­riya (khalo) hast meguftand (Demok­rit va dagar) va onhoe ki bo in aqida rozi nabudand (Arastu va dagaron), judoii goyavi ba vujud omada bud. Dar asrhoi miyona niz bahs davom kard. Az jumla, Abuali ibni Sino bo kamoli qatiyat sobit mekard, ki «Khalo khud nest va andar khalo junbishu oromish nest». Dar zamoni nav dar Evropa in aqidaro P. Gasseyadi, R. Dekart va X. Gyuygens tarafdori karda, onro hamajihata asosnok kardand, ki dar navbati khud ba tashakkuli farziya dar borai asir (efir) musoidat kard. Nazariyai nisbiyat az in farziya komilan dast kashida bo­shad ham, mafhumi khaloro az nav barqapop nakard. Baraks, bino ba nazariyai kulii nisbiyat, fazo-vaqt khud ba khud vujud doshta nametavo- nad, vay yak nav khosiyati botinii maydoni fizikist. In aqida holo dar zimni nazariyai kvavtii maydon boz ham ganitar gardidaast (nig. Vakuum, Khalo). Dar partavi naza­riyai kulii nisbiyat jihathoi komilan navi masalai derini falsafi oid ba intiho doshtan va yo nadoshtani fazoi Koinot oshkor shudand. Fizikai klassiki ba khulosai qati omada bud, ki fazoi Koinot beintihost; khaqiqatan ham mahz fazoi be- intiho ba ruhu nihodi aslii fizikai Nyuton muvofiq meomad. Fizikai Eynshteyn, ki khudi bunyodi geo­metrii fizikai klassikiro bozdidi nazar kardaast, jihathoi komilan navi masalaro oshkor sokht. Dar zimni nazariyai kulii nisbiyat modelhoi kosmologie sokhta shudaand, ki fazoi sechenakaashon intiho dosh­ta boshand ham khaddu hudude nadorand (nig. Modelhoi Koinot). Na­zariyai Eynshteyn, ki bar poyai geometriyai B. Riman qaror giriftaast, fazoi bointihoro az fazoi mahdud, fazoi beintihoro boshad, az fa­zoi nomahdud farq mekunad. (Bar khilofi in fizikai klassiki, ki ba geometriyai Evklid asos yoftaast, mafhumhoi mazkurro ba ham musovi meshumorad).

Bino ba natijahoi tadqiqoti na­vin masala jihathoero niz doroet, ki tamoman gayrichashmdosht buda, berun az aqidavu goyahoi peshinai falsafiand va az in ru tahlilu tamimi gnoseologiro taqozo mekunand. Holo zarurati tagyir dodani khudi guzorishi masala pesh omadaast. Pesh gumon mekardand, ki Koinot yo beintihost va yo bointihost. Hozir boshad, ravshan shud, ki boin- tihoi yo beintihoii Koinot dar vaqtu fazo aslan nisbist: vay az sistemai sarhisob vobasta ast. Chunonchi, modeli kosmologie, ki dar yak sistemai sarhisob beintihost, dar digar sistemai sarhisob bointiho buda metavonad. Ziyoda az in, modole, ki fazoyash beintihost, metavo­nad faqat yak qismi fazoi bointi­horo faro girad. Az tarafi digar, modelhoe niz malumand, ki har- chand tamomi Koinotro faro namegirand va ham beintiho nestand, dar tarkibashon fazoi beintiho dorand.

Nazariyai kullii nisbiyat, ki az on natijahoi nomburda ba dast ovarda shudaand, nazariyai fizikii bunyoni metrik fazo-vaqt meboshad, yane bar asosi mafhumhoi oddii masofa va fosilai vaqt qaror giriftaast. Lekin fazohoi metri faqat holathoi juzii fazohoi umumitari topologi meboshandu bas. Chun sukhan az fazoi voqeii Koinot meravad, bo bovarii komil guftan dushvor ast, ki vay faqat soddatarin khosiyathoi topologiro dorost. (Fazohoi metri va topologi tanho dar mavridhoi judogonai makhsus ba ham rost meoyand). Ba har hol, tahqiqu tadqiqe, ki holo dar astrofi­zika va kosmologiyai relyativisti burda meshavad, mutamadona dalolat mekunad, ki bunyoni fazoii Koinot ,khele murakkab ast va yaqinan moro kashfiyothoi az in ham hayratovar dar peshand. Nig. niz Makon va zamon, Fazo-vaqt, Joziba.

Ad.: Eynshteyn A., Sobranie tru­dov, t. 1—2, M., 1907; Albert Eynshteyn i teoriya gravitatsii. M., 1979; Printsip otnositelnosti. Sbornik rabot po spe­tsialnoy teorii otnositelnosti, M., 1973; F o k V. A., Teoriya prostranstva, vremeni i tyagoteniya. M., 1961; Chudchn o v E. M., Teoriya otnositelnosti i filosofiya, M., 197.2; Molchanov Yu., Tursunov A., Problemi prostranstva i vremeni v svete filosofskikh idey V. I. Lenina.— «Kommunist», 1974. № 6.

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