Nazariyai marifat

Nazariyai marifat gnose­ologiya, epistemologiya, yake az faslhoi falsafa buda masalahoi bunyodi marifat va imkoniyathoi on, tanosubi donish va voqeiyatro omukhta, zaminahoi umumii marifatro tadqiq mekunad.

Dar falsafai dunyoi qadim masalai asosii Nazariyai marifat masalai tanosubi donishu takhmin va haqiqatu ishtiboh bud. Zimnan donish bo mavzui khud aloqamand donista meshud. Masalan, agar Aflotun olami goyahoro mavzu va homili donish donad, materialistoni qadim tabiatro mavzui marifat medonistand. Falsafai atiqa donishro hamchun nuskhai makhsusi ashyo tabir mekard. Dar natijai chunin tabir maqomi faoli subekt dar jarayoni marifat az maddi nazar meaftid.

Dar asrhoi miyona masalahoi Nazariyai marifat dar asarhoi Forobi, Ibni Sino, Ibni Rushd, Nasiruddini Tusi va digaron mavridi bahs qaror girifta budand. Vale dar talimoti onho Nazariyai marifat hamchun fasli alohidai falsafa surat nagirifta bud. Masalahoi Nazariyai marifat dar doirai ilmhoi mantiq, tabiiyot va ilohiyot tadqiq meshudand. Dar talimoti falsafii mutafakkironi Sharq masalai marifati hadsi (intuitivi) beshtar mavzui tahlil qaror giriftaast. «Andaryoftan ba lams—navishtaast Ibni Sino,— zohir ast. Va ba bisudan buvad va garmi va sardi va tari va khush- ki va sakhti va narmi va durushti va nagzi va garoni va sabuki donad» (Os. munt., j. 1, D., 1980, s. 126). Ba aqidai Ibni Sino marifat «iborat az on ast, ki idrokkunanda surati idorashavandaro ba nahve az nahvho bigirad». Nazariyai marifat Ibni Sinoro hamchun nazariyai inikos tabir kardan mumkin ast, ki on manii materialisti doshta, ba nazariyai ta­zakkuri Aflotun va  idealizmi subektivii inodiya muqobil ast.

Dar talimoti Ibni Rushd mari­fat donistani sababi ashyo va hodi- sahost. Dar masalai Nazariyai marifat Ibni Rushd payravi nazariyai inikos bu­da, ba materializm moil ast. U isbot kardaast, ki lafzhoi kulli natijai inikosi khosiyathoi mushtaraki ashyovu hodisot dar zehn va aql meboshad. Ibni Rushd dar zimni mubohisa bo Muhammadi Gazoli tali­moti falsafai mashshoro dar borai marifati hissiyu aqli niz taraqqi va vusat dodaast. Ba aqidai u ma­rifati hissi natijai dar uzvhoi his mutamassil (inikos) shudani surati ashyoi fard buda, marifati aqli darki mohiyati onhost. Bar khilofi in mutafakkiron Muhammadi Gazoli lafzhoi kulliro mafhumhoi sirf aqli pindoshta, aqidai mutakallimon va islomi rasmiro doir ba Nazariyai marifat vusat dodaast. Ba aqidai Fazoli mashhur va maqbuli umum budani goyai ofarinishi olam daleli haqqoniyati nazariyai ofarinish ast. U davo mekard, ki imkon doshtani hastii abadi hargiz baroi qadimii olam dalel shuda nametavonad, zero «imkoniyat» mafhumi sirf aqlist. Ilova bar in Gazoli olamro marifatnopazir medonist. Talimoti ashariya va kalom ba Nazariyai marifat. Gazoli qarobat dosht. Tasavvuf ba mari­fat tobishi irfoni doda, marifati khaqiqati avval (khudo)-ro ba markazi talimoti khud guzosht. Dar tasavvuf marifati hadsi ba maqomi ba­land rasida, marifatpazirii mantiqiyu ratsionalii olam boshad mav­ridi inkor qaror megirad.

Dar falsafai asrhoi miyonai Ev­ropai Garbi Nazariyai marifat va falsafa umuman tahti zulmi kaliso qaror gi­rifta, ruhiyai mudarrisi (skholasti) dosht. Dar aqoidi faylasufoni davrai Ehyo (okhiri asrhoi 15—16) va faylasufoni burjuazi, khususan faylasufoni asri 17 Angliyayu Fransiya ta- moyuloti nav inkishof yoft. Namoyandagoni afkori peshqadami davrai Ehyo (Nikolai Kuzani, Leonardo» da- Vinchi, B. Telezio, G. Galiley) mate­matika, mekhanika, muboriza bar ziddi talimothoi irfoni, robitai masalahoi nazariro ba talaboti amaliya dar maddi avval meguzoshtand.

Dar asri 17 vobasta ba inkishofi progressivii quvvahoi istehsolku- nanda zarurati ejodi metodi nav — metodi marifati tabiat ba miyon omad. Halli in masala boisi tadqiqi metodi induksiya va deduksiya gardid. Metodi induktivii marifatro F. Bekon ejod karda, onro to darajai metodi falsafi bardosht va ba empirizmi materialisti asosguzosht. R. Dekart ratsionalizmro ba skholastika muqobil guzoshta, metodi deduktiviro pesh megirad. Ammo De­kart hamchun dualist talimoti idealistii ideyahoi fitriro peshnihod kard. Talimoti ideyahoi fitriro faylasufi fransavi P. Gassendi va faylasufoni anglis T. Gobbs va J.  Lokk tanqid kardand. J.  Lokk Nazariyai marifat sensualistiro tadqiq namud. Falsafai sensualistii Lokk ehso- sotro manbai donish medonad. «Ehsoshoro ba asos girifta, ham bo rohi subektivizm, ki ba solipsizm ovarda merasonad («jismho kompleks yo kombinatsiya» ehsosho meboshand»), raftan mumkin ast, ham bo rohi ob­ektivizm, ki ba materializm ovarda merasonad (ehsosaho surati jismho, surati olami beruna meboshand), raftan mumkin ast» (Lenin V. I., As., j. 14, s. 137). Rohi yakumro faylasufoni anglis TS. Berkli, D. Yum va digar namoyandagoni idealizmi subektivi pesh giriftaand. Rohi duyumro dar Nazariyai marifat faylasufoni asri 18-i Fransiya E .Kondilyak, K. Gelvetsiy, D. Didro va digaron idoma dodand. Ba aqidai onho voqeiyati obektivi dar ehsosot aks shudaast. Vale Nazariyai marifati in mutafakkiron muroqibavi bud (onho maqomi amaliyai jamiyatiyu tarikhiro dar marifat name- fahmidand).

Falsafai klassikii nemis masalahoi Nazariyai marifatro bo tadqiqi inkishofi tarikhii shaklhoi amaliyu marifatii faoliyat mepayvast. I. Kant tabiati gnoseologii donishi nazariyaviro tahqiq karda, baroi muqarrar kardani asoshoi falsafii ilm kushidaast. Muvofiqi Nazariyai marifati I. Kant tajriba ibtidoi donish ast, lekin donish az tajriba paydo nameshavad. U zuhurro ba moniyat muqobil guzoshta, dar borai marifatnopazirii «chizi dar khud» khulosa barovard. Fayp az in Kant gnoseologiyaro az ontologiya, judo karda, «Nazariyai marifati kholis»-ro ofaridani bud. Dar falsa­fai tomarksisti masalai robitai ontologiya va gnoseologiyaro avvalin bor G. Gegel nisbatan purratar hal kardaast. G. Gegel prosessi inkishofi tarikhro hamchun khudinkishof, khudmarifati ruhi mutlaq medonist. Ammo dar talimoti irfonii Gegel oid ba jarayoni marifat fikrhoi amiqi dialektiki joy doshtand. U marifatpazirii olamro qoil ast. Gegel dar zaminai obektiviyu idealisti priniipi mutobi- qati dialektika, mantiq va Nazariyai marifatro ifoda namud.

Ibtidoi asri 20 dar falsafai burjuazi irratsionalizm va intuitivizm (A. Bergson) vase intishor yoftand. Pragmatizmi U. Jems haqiqati obektiviro inkor karda, tanho chizi baroi maqsadhoi amali mufidro haq medonist. Qarayonhoi sershumori fal­safai burjuazii muosir (pozitivizmi mantiqi, neopozitivizmu fal­safai tahlili va gayra) Nazariyai marifati peshina va umuman merosi falsafai klassikiro nomaqul meshumorand. Muvofiqi pozitavizmi mantiqi masalahoi Nazariyai marifat (munosibati subekt ba obekt, tabiati voqeiyat va gayra) masalahoi sokhtaand. Instrumentalizm (J. Dyui) va ekzistensializm niz gnoseologiyai klassikiro tanqid mekunand.

Nazariyai marifati falsafai marksisti-l e n i n i. Muvofiqi falsafai marksistiyu lenini marifat pro­sessi dialektikii inikosi ashyo

va padidahoi olami voqei, robita va munosibati qonunii onho dar zami­nam amaliyai jamiyatiyu tarikhii insoniyat ast. Nuqtahoi asosii Nazariyai marifati marksistiro V. I. Lenin chunin ifoda namudaast: «1) Chizho novobasta ba shuuri mo, novobasta ba ehsosi mo, berun az mo vujud dorand… 2) Dar bayni hodisa va chizi dar khud hej yak farqi prinsipie nest va nameta- vonad boshad. Faqat dar bayni chizi donistashuda va chizi hanuz donista- nashuda farq ast… 3) Dar nazariyai marifat ham misli hamai sohahoi digari ilm, ba tarzi dialektiki muhokima rondan lozim ast, yane donishi moro donishi tayyor va betagyire gumon nakarda, balki sanjida baromadan lozim ast, ki chi zayl az n a donistan donish ba zuhur meoyad, chi zayl in donishi nopurrai nosaheh purratar va sahehtar megardad» (As., j. 14, s. 108—109). Nazariyai marifati materializmi dialektiki payvasta bo dialektika va mantiq inkishof meyobad. Materializmi dialektiki, ki ilm dar borai qonunhoi umumii ham harakati olami beruni va ham tafakkuri inson ast, hamchun talimoti falsafi oid ba marifat, chun mantiq va Nazariyai marifati marksizm amal menamoyad. Nazariyai marifati marksisti bar khilofi gnoseologiyai guzashta, tanho talimot dar borai qonuniyathoi makhsusi marifat nabuda, inchunin natija, jambast, khulosai Nazariyai marifati olam ast. Dar falsafai marksistiyu lenini mavzui makhsusi gno­seologii munosibati shuur va mate­riya, manaviyotu moddiyot, meyori haqqoniyati donish, tanosubi hissiyotu mantiqiyot, masalahoi inikos, amaliya, tarikhiyat va gayra dar asosi metodi dialektikai materialisti va dar robita bo materializmi tarikhi tadqiq meshavand.

Ba aqidai V. I. Lenin tabadduloti revolyutsionii marksizm dar Nazariyai marifat az on iborat ast, ki K. Marks va F. En­gels «ba asosi nazariyai marifati materializm meyori amaliyaro dokhil mekunand» (As., j. 14, s. 151). Tavassuti amaliyai jamiyatiyu tarikhi marksizm az mavqei materialisti faoliyatmandii shuurro dar marifat va digargunsozii voqeiyat az nazari ilmi tabir karda,, di­alektikai guzarshiro az zinai hissi ba zinai aqlii marifat oshkor sokhtand. Amaliya asosi tashakkul va in- kishofi marifat dar hama zinahoi on, manbai donish va meyori haqqo- niyati natijai jarayoni marifat ast. Tafakkuri nazariyavi az ab­strakt ba sui konkret inkishof yofta, bo prinsipi yagonagii mantiqiyotu tarikhiyat va tahlilu tarkib robitai judonashavanda dorad. Khususiyati konkretiyu tarikhii marifat, tagyiroti sokhti mantiqii onro tayanho tavassuti rioyai qatiyu paygironai prinsipi tarikhiyat dar Nazariyai marifat muayyan kardan mumkin ast.

Odam voqeiyatro dar shaklhoi gunogun — empiriki yo marifati hissi va aqloni yo tafakkuri mantiqi dark mekunad. Muroqibai zinda (ehsosot, idrok, tasavvurot) shakli ibtidoii marifat ast. «Az muroqibai zinda ba sui tafakkuri abstrakti va az tafakkuri ab­strakti ba sui amaliya— chunin ast rohi dialektikii donistani h a q i q a t, donistani realiyati obektivi» (Lenin V. I., As., j. 38, s. 170). Marifati aqli na tanho nisbat ba marifati hissi malumoti boytar medihad, balki ba sokhtu mazmuni on niz tasir mera­sonad.

Natijai jarayoni marifat inikosi aynii (adekvatii)  voqeiyati obektivi buda, hamesha mazmuni obektivi dorad va haqiqati obektiviro tashkil  medihad. Etirofi haqiqati obektivi nuqtai asosii gnoseologiyai materialistist.

Javhari Nazariyai marifati materializmi dia­lektiki prinsipi inikos ast. In­ikos mafhumi asosii gnoseologiyai marksistist. Nazariyai marifati marksizm ba qavli V. I. Lenin nazariyai inikosi padida, ashyo va prosesshoi olami moddi dar shuuri odam ast. Nazariyai marifati marksistiyu lenini sohai makh­susi donishi falsafist, ki az halli masalahoi muhimtarini jahonbini bar kanor buda nametavonad.

Ad.: Engels F., Anti-Dyuring, D., 1076; L e n i n V. I., Materializm va em­piriokrititsizm, As., ch. 14, h a m o n  m u a l l., daftarhoi filosofi. As., j. 38; Asoshoi falsafai marksisti-lenini, D., 1977; Sovremennie problemi teorii po­znaniya dialekticheskogo materializma, t. 1—2, M., 1970; Leninskaya teoriya otraje­niya i sovremennaya nauka, t. 1—3, Sofiya, 1073; K o p n i n P. V., Gnoseologicheskie i logicheskie osnovi nauki, M., 1074.