Navigatsiya

Navigatsiya (lot. navigatio, az navigo — dar kishti shino mekunam)

1) bahrnavardi, kishtigardi; 2) dav­ri muayyani sol, ki dar on vobasta ba iqlimi mahal kishtigardi imkonpazir ast; 3) fasli asosii kishtironi, ki dar on asoshoi nazari va usulhoi amalii rondani kishtiho mavridi barrasi qaror megirand.

Navigatsiyai  bahri davrahoi qadim cap shuda usulhoi odditarini kishtironi na faqat ba qibtiyonu finidiho, balki ba khalqhoe niz malum bud, ki dar zinahoi pasttari taraqqiyot meistodand. Bad az on ki istifodai aqrabaki magniti baroi muayyan namudani samti harakati kishti (a.

va tartib dodani kharitaho dar proeksiyahoi rosti silindrii barobarkunja (G. Merkator, 1569) ogoa yoft va dar asri 19 asbobi suratsanji kishti (lagi mekhaniki) kashf gardid, ba Navigatsiyai muosir asos guzoshta shud. Dar okhiri asri 19 va ibtidoi asri 20 ta­raqqiyoti fizika ba paydo shudani asbobhoi elektronavigatsioni va vositahoi radiotekhnikii kishtironi imkon dod. Dar Rossiya avvalin vositai talim oid ba Navigatsiya soli 1703 az tarafi L. F. Magnitskiy tartib doda shudaast. Dar muayyan kardani masalahoi Navigatsiya bahrnavardon va olimovi rus S. I. Mordvinov, L. Eyler, M. V. Lomonosov va digaron sahmi kalon guzoshtaand. Sayohathoi girdijahoni va ekspeditsiyahoi ilmii bahrnavardonn rus ba rivoji minbadai kishtironi musoidat namud. Radioro ikhtiro kardani A. S. Popov dar inkishofi Navigatsiya va kori shturmani davrav nav kushod. Dar bunyodu taraqqyoti maktabi vatanii Navigatsiya khizmati olimoni soveti N. N. Matusevich, N. A. Sakellari, A. P. Yushevko, K. S. Ukhov va digaron kalon ast.

Vazifahoi Navigatsiyai muosir indhoad: intikhobi rohi bekhatar va mufidtarini kishti, muayyan namudani samti harakati kishti va masofai tay­kadai on dar bahr bo yorii asbobu afzori navigatsioni (az jumla muayyan namudani tadili nishondodi in asbobho); omukhtan va intikhob na­mudani proeksiyahoi kartografii baroi kishtironi qulaytarin va dar onho bo usulhoi tahlili va grafiki hal kardani masalahoi navigatsioni; ba hisob giriftani tasiri omilhoi berunae, ki ba khorij shudani kishti az rohi muntakhab sabab meshavand; muayyan namudani joi kishti az rui nishonahoi ruizamini va radifoni masnui navigatsioni va muqarrar kardani darajai sahehiyati in andozagiriho. Yak qator masalahoi navigatsioni bo usulhoi geodeziya, kartografiya, gidrografiya, okeanologiya va meteorologiya hal karda meshavand.