Namudi organizmho

Namud (species), yake az vohidhoi asosii strukturiest dar tasnifi organizmhoi zinda, ki davrai sifatii tahavvuli onhoro ifoda mekunad. Az in ru yak juzi asosi dar tasnifoti hayvonot, nabotot va mikroorganizmho meboshad. Dar ha­mai organizmhoe, ki bo rohi chinsi (dutarafa bordorshavi) afzoish me­kunand (ba in guna organizmho qa­rib hamai hayvonot, yak qismi nabo­tot va yak qator mikroorganizmho mansuband) Namud majmui populyatsiyai fardhoi qobili nasl meboshad. Ba tufayli in onho populyatsiyahoi na­vi gibrid hosil menamoyand va in populyatsiyaho dar bayni shaklhoi mahallie, ki dar hududi  muayyan maskunand va yak qator khususiyathoi morfofiziologi dorand, mavqei mobayniro ishgol mekunand.

Bisyor jam shudani malumot oid ba gunogunii hayvonot va nabotot dar okhiri asri 17 ba tasavvurote ovard, ki Namud guruhi fardhoi chun azohoi yak oila ba hamdigar monand buda, az digar guruhi fardho bo baze khususiyathoi khud farq mekunand. Masalan., gurg, ruboh, zog, zogcha, bulut, gandum, jav, va gayra namud hisob meshud. Bo surat afzudani shumorai nomgui Namud zaruriyat paydo kard, ki baroi ba tartib darovardani shaklhoi gunoguni hayvonotu nabotot tasnifote qabul karda shavad. Dar halli in masala tabiatshinosi shved K. Linney sahmi bosazoe guzosht. U dar asari khud «Sistemai tabiat» (pyci, 1735) Namudhkhoi bo ham monandro ba jins va jinshoi monandro ba qatoru sinfho judo kard. Baroi ifoda kardani Namud vay nomenkulaturai dunoma (nomenkulaturai binari)-ro chori namud, ki muvofiki on har yak Namud avval bo no­mi lotinii chins va sipas bo nomi lotinii namud ishora karda mesha­vad.

Masalan, «odami boaql» — Homo sa­piens. Oxiri asri 19 tasnifoti K. Linneyro aksari biologhoi dunyo qabul namudand. Nimai yakumi asri 19 olimi fransavi J. Kyuve mafhumero oid ba sokhti navho kor karda baromad, ki sipas «nav» chun juzi olii tasnifot ba tasnifoti K. Linney dokhil karda shud. Khudi khamon vaqtho tasavvurot dar borai tagyirpazirii Namud dar rafti inkishofi organizmho niz ba miyon omad. Dar halli in masala nazariyai evolyutsionii Charlz Darvin (nigared Darvinizm), ki hangomi tartib dodani sistemai filogenezii tabii hatman ba nazar giriftani aloqai genetikii, organizmhoi zindaro targib menamud, maqomi kalon bozid. Ziyod shudani shumorai Namud va zernamudhoi hayvonot, nabotot va mikroorganizmho az yak taraf, ba «taqsim shudani» Namud (yane chun Namud tasvir namudani har yak shakli mahalli) va az tarafi digar ba «kalon shudani» Namud (yane chun Namud tasvir kardani guruhi organizmhoe, ki khususiyati kheshi dorand) ovarda rasond. Dar natija dar tasnifoti organizmho mafhumi Namudi «khurd»-jordanonho (az nomi bo­taniki fransavi A. Jordan) va Namudi «kalon»—lnnneonho (az nomi Linney) ba vujud omad. Davrai klassikii tasnifoti organizmho bo tadqiqoti tabiatshinosi rus A. P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shanskiy, ki linneonhoro chun asos qabul namuda, kategoriyahoi gunoguni az Namud poyon (zernamud, morfa, aberratsiya)-ro durust muay­yan kard, ba itmom rasid.

Dar ayni zamon baroi muayyan kardani mafhumi Namud tamoman az hamdigar dur shudani namudho dar sharoiti tabii ahamiyati kalon dorad (baze namudhoe, ki az hamdigar durand, dar sharoiti tabii duraga shuda nametavonand, vale dar sharoiti suni boshad, onhoro bo Namudhoi digar duraga kardan mumkin ast). Az rui munosibat nisbat ba makon Namudho allopatri (hududi gunogunro ishgolkunanda) va simpatri (area­lashon yakkhela) meshavand. Allopat­ri va simpatri budani Namud aksar ba sharoiti ba vujud omadan va kadom shakli chudoi — territoriyavi yo bio­logi doshtani onho, ki hangomi paydoishi namudi mazkur maqomi asosiro bozidaast, vobasta meboshad.

Tadkiqot muqarrar kard, ki aksari Namudho poltipiand, yane yakchand zernamudro dar bar megirand. Darajai politipii Namudho bo ziyod shudani areal meafzoyad. Vay inchunin ba gunogunii sharoiti fizikiyu geogra­fii yagon qismi alojqhidai hudud vo­basta ast. Khususan Namudho — dugonikho, ki az rui khususiyathoi morfolo­gi farq kardanashon dushvor ast va odatan dar nohiyahoi nazdiki hamhudud duchor meshavand, jolibi diqqatand. Inguna Namudho ehtimol dar natijai ba vujud omadani yake az avvalin shaklhoi judoii biologi pay- do shudaand. In mafhumi khozirai Namud baroi organizmhoe, ki tanho bo rohi gayrijinsi afzoish mekunand, muvofiq nameoyad. Binobar in dar chunin holatho guruhhoi bo hamdigar monandro, ki az rui khususiyathoi morfofiziologi nazdikand va dar yak areali muayyan maskunand, shartan Namud menomand.

Adabiyot:       Semyonov-Tyan-Shanskiy A. P., Taksonomicheskie granisi vida i ego podrazdeleniy, «Zap. Imperatorskoy AN», 1910, tom. 25, №1; Darvin Charlz, Proiskhojdenie vidov putem estestven­nogo otbora…, Sochinenie, tom 3, Moskva— Leningrad, 1939;

Vavilov N. I., Linneevskiy vid kak sistema, izbrannoe proizvedenie. Tom1, L.eningrad 1967; Za­vadskiy K. jM., Vid i vidoobrazova­nie, Leningrad 1968; Timofeev Resovskiy  N. V. (va digar). Kratkiy ocherk teorii evolyusii, Moskva 1969.