Najodi asl, nasab

Najod asl, nasab, guruhi odamoni tarikhan dar mahalli muayyan tashakkulyoftaro guyand, ki dar yak vaqt paydo shudaand. Yagonagii paydoishi onho bo alomathoi mushtaraki morfologiyu fiziologa ifoda gardida, ba andozae dar hududi muayyan tagyir meyoband.

Guruhhoi asosii Najod Insoniyati hozira az rui Najod ba se guruhi asosi judo meshavad: evropoi, zangi va muguli. Evropoisuratho bo mui mavjdor yo muloimi rost, pusti nisbatan safed yo gandumgun, sermuii badan (az jumla rishu muylab) va uzvhoi tanosul, binii boriki barjasta, laboni nozuki khud farq mekunand. Ba zangiho mui siyohi jingila, pusti siyoh, chashmoni muhaddab, barjastagii jogho, binii pahn va laboli gafs khosand. Ba mu- gulsuratho mui siyohi durushti rost, pusti zardchatob, chashmi tangi meshi ruy va binii pachaq khosand. Hindiyoni Amerika az rui paydoshi va bisyor alomatho ba najodi muguli nazdikand.

Na hamai insoniyati hozira ba in se guruhi Najod dokhil karda mesha­vand. Dar Osiyoi Janubu Sharqi, Okea­niya (Uqyonusiya) va Avstraliya guruhhoi odamone zindagi mekunand, ki az rui baze alomatho (pusti siyohchatob, binii pahn, laboni gafs) ba zangihoi Afrika nazdik buda az onho bo muyhoi mavjdor, sermuii badanu uzvhoi tanosul va gayra farq mekunand. In qabil odamonro baze olimon Najoti chorum (avstralisuratho) hisob mekunand. Digar antropologho avstralisurathoyu zangihoro az yak Najoti kaloni ekvatori (zangiyu avstrali) medonand. Baze olimon (masalan, antropologi soveti V. P. Alekseev) sobit mekunand, ki avstralisuratho aqdodi zangihoyu evropoisuratho budaand. Minbad az in Najod zangihoyu evropoisuratho judo shudaand.

Najodi evropoi, ki avval dar Osiyoi Janubu Sharqi, Afrikai Shimoli va Evropa tashakkul yoftaast, dar navbati khud ba se guruhi asosi taqsim meshavad: janubi (pusti gandumgui, chashmu mui siyokh), shimoli (pus­ti safed, chashmoni khokistarrangu kabud, mui zard), bayni janubiyu shimoli (ba onho pigmentatsiyai mi­yona khos ast). Az rui ranga pust, chashm va mui, sokhti ustukhonu joyhoi narmi ruy va gayra antropologho dar bayni evropoisuratho guruhhoi alohidai mahalliro judo mekunand. Evropoisurathoi janubiro Najodi bah- rimiyonazamini menomand. Darozsarhoi (dolikhokefaliya) Najodi bah- rimiyonazaminy (dar Garb) va hindu afgoniro (dar Shimol) judo mekunand. Kutokhsarhoi (brakhikefaliya) evropoisurathoi janubi ba najodi adriatiki yo dinari, osiyoipeshi va pomiru fargonagi taqsim meshavand.

T a r i kh i Najodi hozira. Bino ba aqidai yak guruh antropologho, Najodho dar bayni qadimtarin odamon (arkhantropho) dar yakchand markazhoi Afrika, Evropa va Osiyo tashak­kul yoftaand; az rui aqidai guruhi digari olimon boshad (az jumla, aksar olimoni soveti), taqsimoti najodi dertar, badi ba vujud omadani jinsi hozirai odam dar nohiyai sharqii bahri Miyonazamin va nohiyahoi hamjavori Evropai Janubi, Afrikai Shimolu Sharqi va Osiyoi Garbi (nig. Monosentrizm) ba amal omadaast. Ehtimol, dar davrai okhiri paleolit dar bayni jinsi hozi­rai odamon du markazi tashakkuli Najod ba vujud omada boshad: garbi (Afrikai Shimolu Garbi va Osiyoi Janubu Garbi) va sharqi (Osiyoi Sharqi va Janubu Sharqi). Dertar guruhhoi alo­hidai odamon ba tamomi olam pahn gashta, ba ham omekhtaand. Onho ba sharoiti gunoguni tabiiyu geografi mutobiq shuda, ba Najodhoi hozira ju­do gashtaand. Bisyor alomathoi na­jodi avval bo rohi mutatsiya ba vujud omada, khususiyati mutobiqshavi paydo namudand va zimni intikhobi tabii dar jarayoni tashakkuli najod dar populyatsiyaho, ki dar muhiti jugrofii gunogun mezistand, inkishof va intishor yoftand.

Inson dar Osiyoi Miyona hanuz dar davrai paleoliti poyon

maskan girifta bud. Ammo ustukhoni odamoni to hol dar in jo yoftshuda ba davrahop nisbatan badina mansub ast. Ustukhoni pisarbachan neandertali, ki az magorai Teshiktosh yoft shud, ba palooliti miyona, ba davrai muste taalluq dorad. Qarorgohi nazdi Samarqand, ki az on du jogi odami tipi hozira yoft shud, ba okhiri paleolit mansub ast. Onho ba joghoe ayniyat dorand, ki az qa^– rorgohi davrai paloolit dar Chekhos­lovakiya, az qabristoni davrai mezo­lit dar Ukraina va az magorai dav­rai mezolit — Hotu dar Eropi Shimoli yoft shudaand. Du kosakhonai sa­ri dar  janubi Uzbekiston, az magorai Magat yoftshuda ba davrai guzarish az okhiri paleolit ba mezolit mansuband. Yak qator alomatho boisi aqidae shudand, ki kosakhonahoi cap ba Najodi evropoi (shoyad bahri miyonazamini) dokhil meshavand.

Dar Tojikiston, dar on mintaqahoe, ki holo zeri obi barqi Tojik mondaast, ustukhoni odamone yoft shudaand, ki 8 hazor sol qabl, dar davrai neolit zindagi kardaand. Ba onho asosan alomathoi Najodi evropoi khos ast. Umuman aholii Osiyoi Miyona dar davrai neolit az du tipi antro­pologi iborat bud: dar shimol va shimolu garbii Qazokiston evropoisurathoi ibtidoi va dar J., dar Tojikiston, Turkmaniston va Uzbekiston najodi ibtidoii bahrimpyonazamini zindagi mekardand. Az kabristonu qarorgohhoi mansub ba hvzorai 3—2 to m. miqdori ziyodi kosakhonahoi cap yoft shudand, ki ba asri birinji taalluq dorand. Tipi antropologii aholii on davrai hududi Qazokiston evropoisurathoi qadim budand, ki rui onho vaseu kutoh, pahnu girda budand. Aholii Tojikiston, Turkmaniston va Uzbekiston az jihati najod yakkhela bud va ba tipi janubi evropoisurathoi gavdumgun do­khil shuda, sari daroz, rui boriku daroz, chashmhoi kalon, binii boriki tegdor va baland doshtand.

Dar okhiri hazorai to melod dar Qazokiston tiphoi antropologie paydo shu­dand, ki doroi alomathoi Najodi muguli budand. Dar avval in alomatho kam budand, badtar evropoisurat­hoi mahalli bo mugulsurathoi az Sharq omada omekhta shudand va in ba tashakkuli tipe ovarda rasond, ki ba qazoqho va qirgizhoi imruza khos buda, najodi Sibiri Janubi nom dorad. Khususiyathoi khosi on: rui pahnu pachaq, kammuyu kamrishi, binii rosti tegadori baland. Dar dokhili in najod varianthoi alohidai mahalli hastand. Chunonchi, alomat­hoi mugulii aholii qismi kuhii Qirgiziston nazar ba aholii qismi hamvorii on ziyodtar ast.

Dar asrhoi okhiri to melod dar qismi janubii Osiyoi Miyona tiphoi antropologii ajnabie paydo shu­dand, ki onho az viloyathoi shimol va shimolu sharqi (nisbat ba janubi Osiyoi Miyona) baromadaand. Onho qabilahoi sakoiho (shokho) budand, ki qisman bo aholii mahalli duraga meshudand va qisman aholii mahalliro ba viloyathoi kuhi tang karda mebarovardand. Tipi najodii aholii in jo dar ibtido va nimai avvali hazorai 1 melodi evropoi bud, vale on az tipi bahrimiyonazaminii sharqii peshina tafovut dosht. Dar in vaqt kallai khurd, andozai mutadili ruy, bini, na on qadar barjasta budani sathi gorizontalii (ufuqii) ruy mushohida meshavand. Hamin tavr, ivazshavii tipi antropologi cap shud. Ammo in holat tanho ba qismi ham­vorii kishvar dakhl dorad. Dar mintaqai kuhi Tojikiston tipi najo­dii bahrimiyonazaminii sharqi boqi memonad (bozyoftho az Panjakent).

Tojikon namoyandagoni tipi ant­ropologie meboshand, ki bo nomi «pomiru fargonagi» (Yarkho) yo «tipi movarounnahri» (L. V. Oshanin) malum ast. Khususiyathoi khosi on­ho: rangi siyohi muy va chashm, muyhoi mavjnok, sabzishi puravji ba­dan va rishu burut, darozii muta­dili ruy, binii rostu boriki bar­jasta, peshonai rost va taraqqiyoti susti ustukhoni abru. Qabilahoi eronizaboni Pomiri Garbi (yazgulomiho, rushoniho, shugnoniho, guroniho, vakhoniho) az tojikoni kuhiston qadre farq dorand. Baroi onho pus­ti nisbatan safed (gandumrangi tanho dar 5% tahqiqshudagon mushohida shudaast), rangi ravshantari chashm (siyohchashmi dar 51% va rangi omekhtai chashm dar 47% tahqiqshudagon mushohida shud) khos ast. Sababi in shoyad izolyatsiyai davomnok (muddati madid nabudani ravobit bo olami beruna) boshad, ki on dar na- tijai nikohi kheshoni nazdik boisi az bayn raftani ranghoi ravshan megardad. Rangi mui onho siyohi kabudtob (siyohi baland), siyoh va si­yohi dorchintob (kudakon aksar vaqt mallamuy). Muyashon narm, rost yo do­roi mavjhoi kalon. Sabzishi rishashon mutadil yo az mutadil bolo, ammo sabzishi pashmi badan (dar sina) sust yo mutadil. Pushtai biniashon rost yo kamonshakl, ruyashon bo­rik va ba qadri kofi daroz. Khusu­siyathoi tipi morfologii pomirihoro ba viloyathoi garbi bo kuhsori Eron, Zakavkaziya va Kavkazi kuhi aloqamand menkunand. Ammo in shabohati mahz morfologist va ba saromadi (genezisi) in tip munosibate nadorad.

Az rui asositarin khususiyathoi morfologi, fiziologi va psikhologi odamoni Najodhoi gunogun ba ham khele monand buda, az yakdigar khele kam farq mekunand. Nazariyahoi irtijoii vujud doshtani Najodhoi «oli» va «past» (nig. Najodparasti), inchunin az jinshoi gunoguni maymunhoi oli paydo shudani onho asose nadorad. Malumoti antropologiya va digar ilmho daleli on ast, ki hamai Najodho az yak jinsi gominidho (nig. Monogenizm) ba vujud omadaand. Imkoniyati nomahdudi omekhtashavii Najodho, az jihati biologi va ijtimoiyu madani komil budani guruhhoi omekhtai odamon yagonagii azalii iva tamoman nodurust budani aqidai najodparastiro sobit menamoyand.

Ad.: D e b e ts G. F., Paleoantropolo­giya ITTIHODI ShURAVI, M.— L., 1948; Oshanin JI. V., Antropologicheskiy sostav i vop­rosi etnogeneza tadjikov i uzbekov Yujnogo Tadjikistana, Stalinabad, 1957: Roginskiy Ya. Ya., Levin M. g., Antropologiya, M., 1963; Nes* tu rkh M. F., Chelovecheskie rasi. M., 1965; ‘Alekseev V. P., Geografiya che­lovecheskikh ras. M., 1974.

T. P. Kiyatkina.