Muhradorho

Muhradorho, kosasaron (Vertebrata b Craniota), hayvonhoi khordodor; yake az mutashakkiltarin guruhhoi gunoguni hayvonot. Muhradorho (40—45 hazor namud) nisbat ba bemuhragon (1,25—1,45 mln namud) kam boshand ham, dar hayoti biosferai ho­zira ahamiyati kalon dorand. Muhradorho az rui khususiyathoi mutobiqi va shaklhoi hayoti khele gunogunand Gunogunii navhoi mutobiqi va shaklhoi hayotii Muhradorho na tanho dar bayni guruhhoi kaloni tasnifoti (girddahonho, mohiho, obkhokiho, khazandaho, parrandaho, shirkhurho), inchunin dar dokhili guruhho niz mushohida me­shavad. In na tanho ba darajai balandi inkishofu murakkabii sokhti Muhradorho, inchunin ba qobiliyati balandi ba sharoiti gunoguni hayot mutobiq, shuda tavonistani onho (az dari uqyonus to qullahoi balandi kuhu biyobonhoi beob) aloqamand ast.

Paydoishi Muhradorho. Ajdodoni M.— khordadoroni darajai past (lifofa- dorho, bejumjumaho) dar bahrho ha­yot meburdand. Muhradorho dar obhoi shirin ba vujud omada, avvalin zinahoi evolyutsiyai onho dar ob guzashtaast. Skeleti asosii yakumini onho khorda ba muhra (nomi onho niz dar hamin ast) mubaddal shud. Dar natija mushakhoi purquvvati Muhradorho doroi takyagohi jansh va purzur gashtand, ki baroi ba tasiri obhoi tezjarayon va sharoiti nomusond ustuvor budani onho imkoniyat medod. Baroi chunin kori bosurati sistemahoi harakat inkishofi uzvhoi hozima, nafaskashi, gardishi khun va ikhroj, inchunin azoi hissu sistemai asabi markazi zarur bud. In badi ba khushki baromadani Muhradorho va bo yorii poy harakat kardani onho boz ham zarurtar gardid. Dar uzvhoi hozima (meda, surkhruda, ruda va gayra) «konveyer»-hoi makhsusi fermenthoi ho­zima ba vujud omadand, ki khurokro muttasil hazm mekunand. Jigar, ki yak nav “laboratoriya”i murakkabi khimiyavist, dar Muhradorho vazifahoi gunogunro ijro menamoyad. Dili kaloni sermushaki Muhradorho az yakchand qismhoi asosi (peshdil, medacha) va ilovagi (sinusi venagi, konusi arteriyavi) iborat ast. Sistemai gardishi khuni Muhradorho sarbasta ast. Azoi nafasi Muhradorhoi obi (bejogon, mohi) galsama buda, Muhradorhoi khushkigard boshad, bo shush nafas mekashand.

Sistemai asabi Muhradorho az maynavu harommagz iborat buda, bo sokhti naychavii khud, ki miqdori ziyodi hujayrahoi asab (neyronho) dorand, az sistemai asabi bemuhragon farq, mekunad. Maynai Muhrador nisbat ba siste- mai asabi markazii bemuhragon khele murakkab ast. Serharakati, faoli va murakkabshavii raftori Muhrador boisi inkishofi sokht va vazifahoi azoi his gardid. Muhradorho bo muhit tavassuti uzvhoi binoi, shunavoi, lomsa, shomma va digigar mekhanoreseptorho va termoreseptorhoi murakkabi mutashakkil aloqamandand. Baze Muhrador azoi khossi elektri va mag­niti. (mohiyoni elektri) dorand. Muhradorho odatan judojinsaand; uzvhoi jinsi (tukhmdon va moya) aksar juft buda, dar bisyor mohiho germafroditizm (khunsoi) joy dorad. Muhradori darajai past odatan tukhm meguzorand. Zindazoi dar khamai guruhhoi Muhradorho (ba gayr az doiradahonho va parrandaho) mushohida meshavad va dar shirkhurho shakli asosii afzoish ba shumor meravad.

Muhradorhoi qadim, boqimondai onho az tahnoni obanborhoi davrai ordo­vik yoft shudaast. Inkishofi balandi sistemai harakat va takmili me­tabolizm ba onho imkoniyat dod, ki dar bahrhoo vase pahn gardand. Zindagii Muhradorho dar hama guna obanborho (az jumla dar obanborhoi kamoksigen) barov ba khushki baromadani onho imkoniyat dod.  Khazandagoni davrai mezozoy baroi shirkhurho (dar trias) va parrandaho (dar yura) ibtido guzoshtand.

Muhradorhoi zamani hoziraro ba girddahonho (Cuclas tomata), mohiho (Pis­ces), obkhokiho (Amphibia), khazandaho (Reptilia), parrandaho (Aves), shirkhurho (Mammalia) judo mekunand.

Dar Tojikiston az mohiho 50, obkhokiho 2, khazandaho 44, parrandaho 350, shirkhuron 82 namud pahn gashtaast. Yakchand namudhoi mohi va hayvonhoi muinador — kallamushi obi (ondatra), qunduzi obi (nutrvv) va gavani kholdor ba respublika az nohiyahoi digar ovarda shudaast. Ahamiyati Muhradorho dar hayoti odam va biogeose­noz kalon ast. Aksari hayvonhoi khonagi va sanoati muradorkhoand (nig. Chorvodory, Parvarishi hayvonoti vahshi, Khojagii shikor). Dar barobari in bisyor hayvonhoi muhrador (shirkhurho, parravdaho, kha­zandaho, mohiho va gayra) ba khojagii khalq zarar merasonand (nig. Hayvonhoi zararrason) yo pahnkunandai kasalihoi siroyati (toun, vabo, ensefalitho va gayra) ba shumor meravand. Bazei Muhradorho zahrdorand (nig. Hayvonhoi zahrdor).

Ad.: Berg L. S., Sistema rib, M.— L., 1940; Shmalgauzei I. I., Pro­iskhojdenie nazemnikh pozvonochnikh. M., 1064; Naumov S. P., Zoologiya pozvo­nochnikh, M., 1973.