MUTASIYa

MUTASIYa (az lotini mutatio — tagyiryobi, ivazshavi), tagyiryobii strukturai irsii materiyai zinda, ki shomil va noqili akhbori genetiki ast. Tamomi shaklhoi hayot — az virusu mikroorganizmho cap karda, to nabototu hayvonot va odam qobili Mutasiya meboshand. Organizmhoi dar natijai Mutasiya tagyiryofta mutant nom dorand. Vohidi Mutasiya mutov (elementi maydatarini gen) buda, tagyiryobii on boisi paydoishi mutanthoi nav megardad. Hangomi Mutasiya alomathoi morfologi (masalan, rezamutanthoi nabototu hayvonot), fiziologi (mahsulnokii organizm) va biokhimiyavi (tar-kibi khimiyavi)-i organizm tagyir meyobad. Istilohi «Mutasiya»-ro ba genetika olimi golland X. De Friz (1901) dokhil kardaast.

Se kheli Mutasiya malum ast: genomi, khromosomi va gevi. Hangomi Mutasiyai genomi miqdori khromosomahoi makhsus (aneuploidiya) dar tarkibi khromosoma—genomho (poliploidiya va gaploidiya) tagyir meyoband. Mutasiyai khromosomi boshad, tagyiryobii gunoguni khromosomahoro darbar megirad. Duplikasiya (duchandshavii qismhoi khromosomaho), delesiya (talafi onho), inversiya (tagyiryobii tartibi genho dar natijai ba 180° charkh zadani qismhoi khromosomaho) va translokasiya (mubodilai qismhoi bayni khromosomaho) ba Mutasiyai khromosomi dokhil meshavand. Hangomi Mutasiyai g e n i dar sokhti khimiyavii genhoi alohida digargunihoi ustuvor ba amal meoyand. Malum ast, ki vayron gashtani tartibi nukleotidhoi KDN (kislotai dezoksiribonukle-at)-i genho boisi dar khamon molekulai safeda ivaz shudani aminokislotahoi alohida megardad (nigared Kodi genetiki). In holat ba tagyiryobii alomatho ovarda merasonad. Mutasiya dar organizm ba khudi on dakhle namekunad va tasiri on faqat dar nasl zohir megardad. Beshtari Mutasiya zararnok (yo befoida) buda, bazei onho foidanokand yo hangomi tagyiryobii Mutasiyai mufid dar rafti evolyusiya va seleksiya chun omili intikhob khizmat mekunad. Nigared niz Mutagenez, Bemorihoi irsi.