MUOMILOT

MUOMILOT, muomalot (arabi jami —aloqa, munosibat, robita) dar iqtisodiyot, shakli mubodilai moli bo mahsudi mehnat va digar predmethoi shakhsi. Muomilot barobari istehsoloti moli paydo shuda­ast. Muomilot az mubodilai bevositai mol (Mol—Mol) bo on farq mekunad, ki ba vositai pul (Mol—Pul—Mol) amali me­shavad. Shakli iqtisodii Muomilot ivazshavii shakli arzish, tabdil dodani mol ba pul va pul ba mol ast. Dar davrai istehsoloti oddii moli maqsadi Muomilot asosan mubodilai mah- suli mehnat meboshad. Dar davrai kapitalizm Muomilot kharakteri umumi me- girad va na tanho mahsuli mehnat, balki kuvvai korgari niz ba mol tabdil meyobad, zamin, sarvathoi zerizamini va jangal obekti kharidk furush megardand. Muomiloti kapitalisti kharakteri stikhiyavi doshta, dar sharoiti khususi budani vositahoi istehsolot amali gardonida meshavad va hamchun omili ba vujud ovardani arzishii izofa va foida khizmat mekunad. Muomilat az yak taraf, ba istehsolotu taqsimot, az tarafi digar ba istemolot tasir rasonda, ziddiyati bayni onhoro murakkab va tezu tund megardonad. Dar sharoiti kapitalizm tamini korkhonaho bo vositahoi istehsolot va furushi moli onho vazifai dar yak firma yo monopoliya buda, ba vositai bozor dar asosi akta kharidu furush, raqobat va anarkhiyai istehsolot amali megardad. Dar jamiyati sotsialisti Muomilot kharakteri plani dorad va dar sharoiti molikiyati jamiyati budani vositahoi istehsolot amali gardida, taminoti moddi- tekhnikii istehsoloti jamiyati va savdoi predmethoi istemolii shakhsiro dar bar megirad. Muomilot dar davrai sotsializm az raqobatho ozod buda, baroi qone gardonidani talaboti mehnatkashon khizmat mekunad. Ba vositai Muomilot istemolkunandagon molhoro az istehsolkunandagon me- girand, bayni shahru qishloq robitai iqtisodi barqaror mekunand, prinsiphoi sotsialistii taqsimot muvofiqi mekhnatro jori menamoyand. Davlati sotsialisti talabotu taklifoti aholiro nisbat ba mol ba hisob girifta, mikdori pulro dar Muomilot muayyan menamoyad va narkhro ba plan megirad. Dar davrai sotsi­alizm vositahoi asosii istehsolot, zamin, sarvathoi zerizamini, besha, fabrika, zavodho predmeti kharidu furush nabuda, qismi ziyodi molho, ki dar Muomilaand, mahsuloti korkhonahoi dav- lati, kooperatsiyai matlubot va kolkhozho meboshand. Prosessi Muomilot dar shakli savdoi davlati, kooperativiyu kolkhozi bo predmethoi istemoli shakhsi va taminoti moddi-tekhnikii istemolkunandagon bo molhoi baroi is- tehsolot peshbinishuda ba amal tadbiq karda meshavad. Organhoi taminot va savdo talabotu taklifotro meomuzand, Muomiloti vositahoi istehsolot va predmethoi istemoliro tashkil mekunand. Muomiloti vositahoi istehsoloti dokhili sektori davlati az Muomiloti predmethoi istemoli farq mekunad. Dar prosessi Muomilot vositahoi istehsolot, ki az yak korkhona ba korkhonai digar meguzarand, chun molikiyati davlati boqi memonand. Dar gardishi predmethoi istemoli sohibi mol ivaz meshavad (ba aholi furukhtani mol ba_ vositai magazinqo, kharidu furushi molho dar bayni grajdanho, ba davlat furukhtani mahsuloti khojagii qishloq az tarafi kolkhoz va mehnatkashon). Predmethoi istemolii shakhsiro har kas metavonad ozodona bikharad. Qismi ziyodi vositahoi istehsolot ba furushi ozod narafta, muvofiqi plani taminoti moddiyu tekhniki dar bayni korkhonaho taqsim megardad. Predmethoi istemoli dar bozorn kolkhozi ba vositai savdoi chakanai magazin- khon davlaty va kooperativi kharnda, vositahoi istehsolot ba korkhoiayu tashkilotho ba vositai organhoi taminot rasonida meshavand. Taj- rijai ba savdoi yaklukhti vositahoi istehsolot guzashtan, ki dar zami­nai islohoti iqtisodi amali megardand, daleli desentralizasiya va boz ham takmil yoftani shakli fu­rushi mahsulot, baland gardidani roli Muomilot dar prosessi takroristehsoli sotsialisti, purzur shudani tasir ba taqsimot va istemoli mahsuloti jamiyati meboshad.

Furushi nomakhdudi mol, tabdili on ba shakli puli (Pul—Mol) sharti

asosii takroristehsoli muntazami sotsialisti ast. Gardishi mol boisi Muomiloti puli, yane harakati naqdinai pul dar prosessi mubodilai mol megardad. Pul ba doirai Muomilot dokhil gardida, dar furushi molho khizmat merasonad va hamchun vosi­tai adoi qarz amal mekunad. Mik­dori puli baroi Muomilot zaruri bo mik­dori moli furukhtashuda, narkh va surati gardishi pul muayyan karda meshavad. Farqi Muomiloti puli az Muomiloti moli in ast, ki khar yak mol dar do­irai Muomilot muvaqqati, ammo pul dar Muomilot doimi ast. Jamiyati sotsialisti ba Muomilot az rui plani umumi rohbari karda, onro az nuqtai nazari vazifahoi sokhtmoni kommunisti, inkishof medihad.

Adabiyot: Marks Karl, Kapital, tom 1—3; Lenin Vladimir Ilich, Khatari tahluka va chorahoi peshgiri kardani on, Asarho, jildi 25; programmai Partiyai Kommunistii Ittifoki Soveti, Dushanbe, 1979.