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MUNDA

mundaMUNDA, guruhi khalkhoi Hinduston (az jumla khudi munda, santalho, kho, kkharia, korku, savara, gadaba, juang, birhorho, buhumijho va gayra), ki asosan dar janubi shtati Bi­hor, shtathoi Oris, Bangolai Garbi zindagi mekunand. Shumoraashon taqriban 7,5 million nafar. (1978). Ba zabo­ni munda gap mezanand. Ba dini doroi unsurhoi animistii bo hinduiya omekhta etiqod dorand. Munda avlodi qadimtarini aholii Hinduston meboshand, ki az istibdodi khalqhoi dravid va badtar hindueroni dar nohyahoi jangalzori kuhii Hindustoni Markazi panoh yoftaand. Munda az okhiri asri 18 zeri asorati mustamlikadorovi antlis aftod. Solhoi 1818-20, 1855—95 shurishhoi kaloni millii ozodikhohonai khalqhoi Munda ba 1908 amal omadand. Munda az jihati taraqqiyoti ijtimoiyu iqtisodi va etniki davrahoi gunogunro az cap meguzaronand. Barobari khalqhoi peshqadam (Munda, santalho va gayra), inchunin guruhhoe (juang, birhorho) hastand, ki aknun az shikor va jamovarii mevayu resha ba dehqonii odditarin meguzarand va dar ruzgori onho bisyor boqimondahoi sokhti avlodi-qabilavi vujud dorand. Mashguliyathoi asosii Munda dehqoni (sholi, arzan, lubiyo, sabzavot), ammo dar zindagii onho shikor va jamovarii mevayu resha niz roli makhsus mebozad.  Az hunarmandi kuloli, bofandagi, kandakori taraqqi kardaast. Qismi Munda dar kuhkori va sanoati metallurgi kor mekunad.

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SAFORAT

SAFORAT, namoyandagi, koru amali safir, ki az tarafi davlate ba poytakhti davlati digar meravad. Nigared, …