MUHARRIKI AVIATSIONI

MUHARRIKI AVIATSIONI, muharrikest baroi ba harakat ovarda­ni apparathoi parshi (dar havo), misli samolyot, vertolyot, dirijabl va gayra.

Nakhustin Muharriki aviatsioni muharriki bugii samolyoti A. F. Mojayskiy (1885) bud. Bad Muharriki aviatsioni dar asosi muharriki darunsuzi porsheni sokhta shud. Zarurati ziyod kardani suratu borbardorii samolyot, omili asosii taraqqii Muharriki aviatsioni gardid. Minbad takomuli Muharriki aviatsioni bo rohi to raft sabuk gardondani hamai juzhoi on (istifodai materialhoi makhsusi matinu mus­tahkami sabuk), tezondani prosesshoi kori (bo in maqsad kompressorhoi havodamdihak istifoda karda shud) va ziyod kardani k. a. m-i vin­ti havoi pesh raft. Istifodai reduktorhoe, ki basomadi charkhzanii vinti havoiro nisbat ba basomadi charkhzanii navardi muharrik kam me­kunad, ba roh monda shud. Solhoi 40 asri 20 Muharriki aviatsioniii porshendor ba haddi iqtidor rasid. Zero, minbad ziyod kardani iqtidori muharrik khele afzun namudani vaznu andozahoi onro talab mekard. Az tarafi digar, bo zi­yod shudani surati samolyot k. a. m.-i vinti havoi kam shuda, ba minbada inkishof dodani surathoi kalon imkon namedod. Faqat dar natijai ba vujud omadani turbinai gazi va muharriki reaktivi baroi sokhtani samolyoti surati harakatash az sur­ati sado ziyodtar sharoit faro rasid. Vobasta ba sokht, namud va vazifa apparathoi parishi aviatsionii gunogun muharrikhoi aviatsionii gunogunro talab mekunand (chi az jihati iqtidoru chi az jihati prinsipi  bavujud ovarda va quvvai kashish). Az jihati ba vujud ovardani quvvai kashish muharrikhoi avaatsioni vin­ti va reaktivii meshavand. Muharrik­hoi vinti quvvai kashishro dar natijai jarkh zanondani vinti havoi ba vujud meorand. muharriki reaktivi boshad, quvvai kashishro dar natajai az soploi reaktivi bo surati kalon berun kardani gazi korii tafson hosil mekunad. Muharrik­hoi aviatsio ni i vinti porshendor va turbovinti meshavand. Dar Muharriki aviatsionii turbovinti (MTV), ki muharriki mushtarak ast, qismi asosii quvvai kashishro vinti havoi hosil mekunad (onro turbinai gazi jarkh mezanonad). Gayr az in, az hisobi jori shudani mahsuli suzish 8—12% quvvai kashishi reaktivii ilovagi ba vujud meoyad.

Behtarin navhoi takmilyoftai Muharriki aviatsioni porshendor surati samolyotro faqat to 690—720 km/s inkishof doda metavonistand. Onho surati az yak beshro ba vujud ovarda nametavonand, zero massai khosashon (massae, ki ba vohidi iqtidor rost meoyad) kalon astu ba vinti havoi, ki bo kalon shudani surat k. a. m.-i on khurd megardad, niz ehtiyoj dorand. Muharriki aviatsionii porshendor, odatan ba samolyothovu (suratashon 200—500 km/s) vertolyotho, Musharrikhoi aviatsionii turbovinti bo­shad, ba samolyothoi suratashon 500— 800 km/s va vertolyotho shinonda meshavad. Muharrikhoi aviatsionii reaktivi ba muharrikhoi reaktivii havoi va raketi judo shuda, muharrikhoi raketi dar navbati khud ba muharrikhoi raketii moei va muharrikhoi raketii suzishvorii sakht taqsim meshavavd. Muharrikhoi reaktivii havoi du nav meshavand: kompressordor va bekompressor. Mamultarin va komiltarin muharrikhoi reaktivii havoii kompressordor, ki kompressori on bo vositai turbinai gazi charkh zananda meshavad, muharriki turboreaktivi (MTR) meboshad.

Avvalin MTR, ki dar okhirhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani ba vujud omada bud, surati samolyotro to ba 960 km/s rasonda tavonist. Quvvai kashishi MTR bo ziyod shudani surat (az surati qaribussado sar karda) niz ziyod meshavad. Az in sabab ham onro dar samolyothoi suratashon karibussado va favqussado istifoda mebarand. Dar asosi mushtarak kardani muharrikhoi turboreaktivi va turbovinti muharriki turboreaktivii dukontura (MTRD) sokhta shud.

Dar in nav muharikkho turbina, gayr az kompressor, agregatero niz charkh mezanonad, ki onro ventilyator (vintcha) monomand. Konturi yakumi (dokhili yo markazii) in nav muharrikho ba sokhti MTR monand ast. Kanali girdogirde, ki atrofi konturi yakumro ihota nashuda ast, bo ventilyatori dar peshi on joygirshuda konturi duyumi (berunii) muharrikro tashkil medihad. Quvvai kashishi MTRD az jambasti quvvahoi kashi­shi konturi yakum, ki yaun mukharriki turboreaktivy kor mekunad va kon- turi duyum, ki chun muharriki turbovinti amal mekunad, iborat ast. MTRD dar samolyothoi suratashon qaribussado, masalan, samolyothoi passa­jiri va naqliyoti istifoda mesha­vad. MTRD afzaliyathoi ham muhar­rikhoi turboreaktivi va ham turbovintiro dar bar megirad. Inkishofi minbadai Muharriki aviatsioni bo rohi tamin namudani surati kalonu avji balandi parvoz, muttasil ziyod kardani borbardori va durparvozii samolyot pesh meravad, ki in ba vujud ovardani Muharrikoni aviatsionii quvvai kashishash kalon. masrifi suzishvoriash haddalimkon kam, massai khosash khele khurd va za­khirai (muhlati) koriash khele kalonro talab mekunad.

Ad.: S k u b a ch e v s k i y G. S., Avia­sionnie gazoturbinnie dvigateli. M.,1974

A. Khojaev.