MONAKO

MONAKO (Monaco), davlat dar Jan. Evropa, dar sohili bahri Miyonazamin. Bo Fransiya hamsarhad ast. Masohatash 1,9 km3. Aholiash beshtar az 25 hazor nafar (1979), az jumla qarib 5 hazor monegaskho (sokinoni asli), ziyoda az 15 hazor grajdanhoi Fransiya, 4 hazor italiyaviho zindagi mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — fransavi. Dini rasmi masehiya. Monada az se okrug — shahri mamuriyu amalan ba ham omekhta: Monako (poytakht), Monte-Karlo, La-Kondamnn va du rayoni navi Fonvey va Larvotto iborat ast.

Sokhtn davlati. Monadaknyazi, mutlaqiyati konstitusioni. Sardori davlat — knyaz. Muvofiqi konstitusiyai soli 1962 hokimiyati qonunguzor ba knyaz va Soveti milli (organi parlament) taalluq dorad, ki az 18 deputat iborat buda, dar asosi huquqi intikhoboti umumi ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob meshanand. Hokimiyati ijroiyaro Soveti hukumati, ki ba on vaziri davlati sardori mekunad, ba amal mebarorad. Soveti hukumati bo sardorii vaziri davlati az 4 azo (knyaz va 3 nafar nomzad — grajdanhoi fransavi, ki onhoro Fransiya tavsiya mekunad) iborat ast.

Gayr az on, Soveti davlati niz vujud dorad, ki onro ham knyaz tain mekunad. Tayyor namudani loihai qonunu ukazho ba uhdai Soveti davlatist. Sistemai sudi chun sistemai sudii Fransiya ast: sudi instansiyai yakum, sudhoi apellyasioni va kassasioni, Sudi oli. Muvofiqi anana dar polisiya (taqriban 300 nafar) asosan fransaviho khidmat mekunand.

Yagona partiyai siyosii Monako — Ittifoqi millii demokrati. Faoliyati partiyahoi digar man ast.

Dar mamlakat tashkiloti ittifoqhoi kasaba — Ittihodi ittifoqhoi kasabai Monako amal mekunad. Monada dar yak qator davlathoi Garbi Evropa namoyandagii diplomati va dar bisyor mamlakathoi digar konsulkhonaho dorad.

Monada agarchi azoi TDM naboshad ham, vale ba YuNESKO, Tashkiloti umumijahonii nigohdorii tandurusti va chandin muassisahoi makhsusi TDM va digar tashkilothoi baynalkhalqi dokhil ast. Namoyandai Monada dar majlisi bekhatari va hamkorii Evropa dar Khelsinki ishtirok karda, ba Akti khotimavii on imzo guzoshtaast.

Dar terr. Monakoi hozira dar asrhoi 10—5 to m. koloniyahoi finikiyho va badtar yunoniho mavjud budand. Azbaski in terr. ahamiyati ziyodi strategi dosht, onro dar asri 1 to m. rimiho va badtar arabho zabt kardand. Dar asri 10 m. dar terr. Monada genuyagiho maskan karda soli 1215 dar on jo qala sokhtand. Monada soli 1346 tahti protektorati Genuya hamchun knyazii feodali tashakkul yoft. Hokimiyati khonavodai Grimaldii genuyagiho soli 1419 dar Monada komilan mustahkam shud. Podshohi Fransiya va gersogi Savoyya okhiri asri 15-ibtidoi asri 16 huquqi senorii Monadaro etirof namudand va ba in munosibat Monada knyazii mustaqil shud.

Monada mukhtoriyatn khudro rasman nigoh doshta boshad ham, az soli 1524 dar asl zeri hokimiyati mutlaqiyati Ispaniya bud. Qushunhoi Ispaniya soli 1605 terr. knyazii Monadaro gap gol kardand. Monegaskhoi ba shur omada soli 1641 garnizoni ispanihoro az in jo rondand va Monada zeri protektorati Fransiya guzasht. Hokimiyati knyazi Monada dar natijai Revolyutsiyai buzurgi Fransiya sarnagun gardid va Monada ba Fransiya (1793) hamroh karda shud. Shartnomai soli 1814-i Fransiya hokimiyati knyazro barqaror kard. Muvofiki qarori Kongressi Vena 1815 Monada zori protektorati podshohii Sardiniya guzasht. Soli 1848 zeri tasriri Revolyutsiyai fevrali Fransiya dar Monada bar ziddi mutlaqiyat shurshi cap zad va onro qushunhoi Sardiniya pakhsh kardand. Mutlaqiyat soli 1849 barqaror shud va protektorati Sardiniya khotima yoft. Muvofiqi shartnomai soli 1861-i fransavihoyu monegaskho Fransiya istiqloliyati Monadaro etirof namud. Soli 1865 bayni Monada va Fransiya baroi Monada shartnomai nangovare ba imzo rasid. Shartnomai soli 1918 munosibathoi bayni du mamlakatro ba nizom darovard, ki muvofiqi on meboist «hukumati respublikai Fransiya muhofizati istiqloliyat va sohibikhtiyorii knyazii Monadaro tamin mekard».

Shartnoma chunin nuqta dosht: knyazi Monada «uhdador meshavad, ki tamomi huquqhoi sohibikhtiyorii khudro muvofiqi manfiathoi siyosi, kharbi va iqtisodii Fransiya ba amal barorad».

Solhoi okhir dar barobari turizm (Monada az turizm daromadi kalon megirad) dar iqtisodiyoti Monada sanoatu tijorat niz roli kalon mebozand. 70% aholi qobili mehnatand. Monada korkhonahoi sanoati khimiya, farmakologiya, khurokvori, poligrafi, chiniyu safol, masolehi binokori, korkhonahoi istehsoli tajhizoti elektri, az jumla tajhizoti aviasioniyu tekhnikai kayhoni dorad. Binokori khele inkishof yoftaast. Hukumati Monada soli 1966 «Shirkati obbozkhonahoi bahri»-ro, ki ba on qimorkhonai mashhuri dunyo Monte-Karlo va bisyor muassisahoi ba turiston khizmatrasonanda taalluq dorand, zeri nazorati khud girift. Hukumat dar ayni zamon toraft kam shudani shumorai turistonro ba nazar girifta, kushish dorad, ki Monadaro ba makoni majlisu mashvarathoi baynalkhalqi, alalkhusus sodai okeanografiya tabdil dihad.

Muhlati tahsil dar maktabhoi ibtidoi 5 sol, miyonai nopurra 4 sol, miyona 7 sol (4+3) ast. Soli tahsili 1971/72 dar maktabhoi ibtidoi 1,5 hazor va maktabhoi miyona 2,9 hazor talaba tahsil mekard. Malumoti ibtidoi va miyonai nopurra hatmist. Soli tahsili 1974/75 dar maktabhoi davlati 3,6 hazor va khususi 1,4 hazor nafar khonanda tahsil menamud. Tayyorii kasbhoi tekhniki dar asosi maktabi miyonai nopurrai 2—3 sola ba amal barovarda meshavad. Malumoti oliro tanho dar khorija girpftan mumkin ast.

Dar Monada yake az kalontarin radnostansiyahoi Evropa «Monte-Karlo» kor mekunad, ki soli 1946 bo hamkorii Fransiya sokhta shudaast. Stansiyai televizion niz dorad. Gazetai haftainai hukumatii «Jurnal de Monako» nashr meshavad. Vohidi pul — franki fransavi.