MIRRIKh

MIRRIKh (ar. ci-i), Bahrom,yake az sayyorahoi sistemai Oftob. Alomati astronomiash cf (Dar asa­ri «Kitob-ut-tafhim»-i Aburayhoni Beruni) Bino ba sanati tanjim munajjimoni Sharq onro hamchun barangezandai jangu khunrezi hisob mekardand. Az Oftob dar masofai andaryak 1,524 vohidi ast­ronomi (227,8 mln km) voqe ast. Hamvorii madori sayyora ba hamvorii ekliptika ba andozai 1,8* moil ast. Surati harakati Mirrikh az rui mador ba hisobi miyona 24,2 km/son ast. Davri gardishi siderii Mirrikh 687 shaboruz ast. Radiusi ekvatoriash 3395 km ast. Davri gardishi sayyora dar atrofi mehvarash ba 24 s 37 dak/son barobar ast. Az sababi ba 24°48′ barobar budani kunji bayni ekvatori Mirrikh va hamvorii madori on dar Mirrikh faslhoi sol tagyir yofta meistad. Davomoti faslho dar Mirrikh nisbat ba Zamin 1,9 marotiba ziyod me­boshad. Dar Nimkurai shimolii on bahor 109 ruz, tobiston 182 ruz, tiramoh 146 ruz va zimiston 160 ruz ast. Massai Mirrikh 6,44 • 10²³ kg buda, tezshavii aftishi ozodi jism dar sathi on ba 3,72 m/son² barobar ast. Surati duyumi kayhoni (paraboli) dar Mirrikh 5,0 km/son. meboshad.

Zamin va Mirrikh dar har 780 shaboruz yak bor ba ham muqobil meistand; dar in vaqt masofai bayni onho az 55 to 102 mln km tagyir meyobad. Ma­sofai nazdiktarini Mirrikh va Zaminro muqobalaiazim menomand. On dar har 15—17 sol yak bor ba amal meoyad. Solhoi 1777, 1892, 1909, 1924, 1939, 1954, 1971 mushohida shud. Dar oyanda muqobalai azimi Zamin va Mirrikh solhoi 1986—88 ba amal khohad omad.

Mirrikh dar osmon chun sitorai ravshani surkhtob metobad.

Dar teleskop boshad sathi Mirrikh zardi surkhchatob («qitaho») va tirarang yo khud khokistarrangi baland («daryo», «kul») metobad. Doghoi safedero, ki dar nazdi qutbhoi Mirrikh mushohida meshavad, kulohakhoi Mirrikh menomand. Qarib 95% atmosferai Mirrikhro gazi karbonat, 2—3%-ashro nitrogen, 1—2%-ashro argon, 0,3%- ashro oksigen tashkil medihand. Dar natijai muqoisai rakhhoi purquvvatu kamquvvati spektri Mirrikh malum gardid, ki fishori atmosforii u ba 2026,5± 1013,25 Pa (0,02±0,01 at) barobar budaast. Baroi chen kardani harorati mahalhoi gunoguni Mirrikh az radiometriyai infrasurkh istifoda mebarand. Harorati Mirrikh dar arzhoi gunogun harkhela ast. Harorat dar ekvator hamono badi nisfiruzi khe­le baland shuda, to ba 27° S merasad va badi gurubi Oftob to ba —■ 53°S past mefaroyad. Harorat shabona to —100° S past meshavad. Harorat dar kulohakhoi qutbi taqriban ba — 125° S barobar ast.

Bino ba dalelhoi navin dar Mirrikh madanhoi serohan bisyorand. Sa­babi in shoyad dar on boshad, ki Mirrikh ba mintaqai asteroidi nazdik ast va ba sathi on nisbat ba sathi Zaminu Moh beshtar meteoritho meaftand. Bo usuli radiolokasioni tadqiq kardani Mirrikh va intensiviyati spektri rakhhoi SO-g-i onro taqriban az 50 to 100% mushohida namudan muhaqqiqonro ba khulosae ovard, ki qitahoi sayyora bo changi zardchatob pushida shudaast. Dar sathi Mirrikh ba monandi sathi Moh tanuraho bisyo­rand. Miqdori onho az arzu balandi va albedoi Mirrikh vobasta nestand. Ammo dar natijai farsoishi bod tanurahoi khurd nest shuda raftaand.

Mirrikh du radif dorad — Fobos (Tare) va Deymos (Vakhm). Onho dar hamvo­rii ekvatori az Mirrikh dar masofai 9,37 hazor km va 23,52 hazor km charkh mezanand. Davri gardishi onho muvofiqan ba 7 s 40 daq va 3 s 21 dak barobar ast. Surati Fobos va Deymosro soli 1971 stansiyai avtomatii baynisayyoravii amerikoi «Mariner-9» girifta ba Zamin firistodaast. Darozii Fobos 25 km, barash 27 km, burishi arzii Deymos boshad 13 km ast.

Nihoyat past budani fishori at­mosferai Mirrikh va dar tuli yak shabo­ruz ba haddi kalon tagyir yoftani harorat dar sayyora vujud nadoshtani biosferaro isbot mekunand. Am­mo ba sharoithoi gunogun mutobiq shuda tavonistani organizmhoi zindaro ba nazar girem, dar Mirrikh vujud doshtani hayotro takhmin kardan mumkin ast. Zero bakteriyahoi anazrob (nig. Anaz.robho) dar sharoiti vakuum va harorati past be oksigen ham zindagi karda metavonand.

Ba sui Mirrikh cap doda shudani silsi­lai stansiyahoi avtomatii baynisayyoravii (SAB) amerikoii «Mariner» makhsusan «Mariner-4» (1964), «Mariner-6», «Mariner-7» (1969) va «Mariner-9» (1971), sonitar «Vi­king-1», «Viking-2» (1977)] va sil­silai stansiyahoi avtomatii baynisayyoravii sovetii «Mars» («Mars-1», «Mars-2» va «Mars-3» (1971), «Mars-4», «Mars-5», «Mars-6», «Mars- 7» (1973)1 dar omukhtani tabiati in sayyorai ba nom dokhili sahifai nav kushod. Mac., syalshi SAB-i amerikoii «Mariner» sayyorai Mirrikhro ham az masofai dur va ham az masofai nazdik ba surat girifta, tasavvuroti moro dar borai morfologiyai on benihoyat boz gardond. Zamni in tadqiqot dar Mirrikh kuhhoi beshu mori halqapech yo khud tanurahoi ba tanurahoi Moh monand kashf karda shud. SAB-i sovetii «Mars» khususiyati sath va at­mosferai Mirrikhro tadqiq kard, bo me­todi radiozond fishor va harorati sathi sayyora muayyan karda shud. Surathoi ba Zamin firistodai «Mars» imkoniyat dodand, ki fishurdagii optikii sayyora saheh karda shavad. Qabul karda shudani surati rangai sayra niz az muvaffaqqithoi barjastai in tadqiqot budand.

Ad.: Moroz V. L, Fizika planet, M., 1967; Novoe o Marse i Venere. Sb. st.. Per. s angl.. M.. 1968.

Ya. Abdulloev.