MINERALOGIYa

MINERALOGIYa (az mineral va ­logiya), ilmest dar borai payvasthoi tabiii khimiyavi — mineralho. Istilohi «Mineralogiya»-ro avvalin bor s. 1636 olimi italiyavi Bernard Se­ziy (Sezius) dar ilm jori karda­ast. Mineralogiya yake az sohahoi qadimtarini ilmi geologiya buda, tarkibi mineralho, sokhti kristalli, khususiyathkhoi fizikiyu khimiyavi, sharoithoi paydoish va ahamiyati amalii onho­ro dar aloqamandi bo yakdigar meomuzad. Bo kristallografiya, petro­grafiya, geokhimiya va ilmi oid ba sarvatkhoi zerizamini zich aloqamand ast; az usulhoi tadqiqoti ilmhoi fizikayu khimiya istifoda mebarad. Gunogunii vazifahoi ilmiyu amalii Mineralogiya boisi ba vujud omadani yak qator raviyahoi on gardid. Mineralogiyai tasviri malumothoro do­ir ba morfologiya, khususiyathoi fizikii mineralho va tarkibi khimiyavii onho jambast mekunad; sababhoi aloqamandii bayni tarkib, sokht va khususiyathoi fizikii mineralhoro muqarrar namuda, masalai ba sistema darovardani onhoro hal me­kunad, fizikai mineralho asosi in raviyaro tashkil medihad. Mineralogiyai ge­netiki sharoit va qonuniyathoi geologiero muayyan mekunad, ki boi­si paydoishi mineralho va konhoi onho megardand; harorat, fishor, khususiyathoi khimiyavii muhiti mineralhosilshavi va digar parametrhoi fizikiyu khimiyavii prosessi hosil shudani mineralro meomuzad. Mineralogiyai tajribavi ba modelonidani prosesshoi tabii va omuzishi sistemahoi fizikiyu khimiyavi pardokhta, shartu sharoiti paydoishi mineralhoro dar tabiat tadqiq me­kunad. Ba in raviya sohai navi Mineralogiya— sintezi mineralho (almos, kvarsi peeooptiki, flyuoriti optiki, bejoda, yoqut va g.), ki dar tekhnikai muosir vase tatbiq meshavad, nazdik ast. Mineralogiyai amali va tekhnikiyu iqtisodi problemahoi dar sanoat kor farmudani khelhoi navi mineralkho, rohhoi istifodai kompleksii ashyoi minerali, bo maqsadi judo kardani navhoi az jihati tekhnologi foidabakhshi madanho, tartib dodani kharitai mine­ralogii konho, tadqiq va tavsiyai usulhoi korkardi khimiyaviyu tekhno­logii mineralkhoro vobasta ba sokht, tarkib va holati agregatii onho, inchunin hangomi justuju va bahodihi ba sarvatkhoi zerizamini az meyori mineralogi durust istifo­da burdanro hal menamoyad. Mineralogiyai regionali (mahalli) malumothoi mineralogii terr-hoi muayyan va mintaqahoi madandorro jambast namuda, qonuniyathoi joygirshavii mineralho va assosiasiyai onhoro vobasta ba rafti inkishofi geolo­gii region muayyan mekunad. Mineralogiyai jismhoi kayhoni ba tadqiqi mineralhoi Moh va jismhoi kayhoni mashgul buda, barobari dastras gardidani jinshoi Moh bosurat inkishof yofta istodaast.

Mineralogiya dar zamoni khele qadim dar natijai faolshggi mehnatii inson ba vujud omadaast. Dar asarhoi olimoni Yunoni Qadim va Rimi Qadim (Teofrast, Pliniyi Kalon) oid ba mineralho malumothoi nakhustin ovarda shudaand. Hanuz dar asrhoi miyona justuju va daryoftani ashyoi khomi minerali baroi metallgudozi, ehtiyojoti tib, alkhimiya, muomiloti pul va korhoi zargari boisi vase shudani domirai malumotho oid ba mineralu madanho gardidand. Az bayni olimoni Osiyoi Miyona beshtar asahoi Aburayhoni Beruni va Ibni Sino jolibi diqqatand. Dar kitobi mashhuri Beruni «Kitob-ul-jamohir fi marifat-il-javohir» dar borai ziyoda az 300 minerali dar zamoni muallif malum, khususiyati onho va konhoi mineralho malumot doda shudaast. Ibni Sino dar «Kitob-ush-shifo» nom asarash mi­neralhoro ba 4 guruh taqsim kard:

1) sangho; 2) metallho; 3) jismhoi suzandai sulfurdor; 4) namakho. Dar asri 13 dar Evropa oid ba mine­ralu madanho kitobi makhsuse chop shud (Albert Magnus, 1193—1280).

Mineralogiya dar davrai Ehyo chun ilmi mustaqil tashakkul yoft (asrhoi 14—16),

G. Agrikola (Georg Bauer, 1490— 1555) oid ba geologiya va Mineralogiya nakhus­tin tadqiqoti kalonero anjom dod. U dar kitobhoi khud: «O prirode iskopaemikh» («Oid ba khosiyati sarvat­hoi zerizamini») va «Ogornom dele i metallurgii» («Dar borai kuhkori va metallurgiya») mineralu madanhoro az jinshoi kuhi judo kard, khosiyati fiziki mineralhoro bayon namud va onhoro bori avval tasnif namuda, baroi manidodi ilmii paydoishi mineralho kushid. Barobari inkishof yoftani Mineralogiya az on ilmhoi navi mustaqili geologi, monan­di kristallografiya va petrografiya (asri 19), ilm dar borai sarvathoi zerizamini, geokhimiya va kristallokhi­miya (avvali asri 20) judo shudand. Inkishofi Mineralogiya dar Rossiya bo nomi M. V. Lomonosov aloqamand buda, ba aqidai u baroi har yak mineral tarkibi khimiyavi nishonai asosi ast.

V. M. Severgin ham yake az asosguzoroni Mineralogiya dar mamlakati most. U niz Lomonosovro payravi namuda, khimiyaro asosi Mineralogiya meshumorad. Olimoni rus D. I. Sokolov, N. I. Koksharov, V. V. Dokuchaev, E. S. Fyodorov, V. I. Vernadskiy va A. E. Fersman tarzhoi navi tadqiq va nazariyahoi tamini M.-ro peshnihod namuda, dar ilmi jahoni hissai munosib guzoshtand. Ba inkishofi Mineralogiyai hozira qonuni davrii D. I. Mendeleev va qoidai fazahoi J. U. Gibbs tasiri kalon rasondand. Dar zamoni soveti bo korkhoi amalii kuhkori aloqai zich doshtan va az rui plan guzaronida shudani tadqiqotkhoi ilmi boisi bosurat inkishof yoftani Mineralogiya gardidand. Dar cap to sari SSSR tadqiqothoi ziyodi mineralogii regionali davom dorand. Bisyor qonuniyathoi madandor (nimjaz. Kola, Ekutiston, shim. sharqi SSSR» Kavkaz, Osiyoi Miyona va g.) kashf va az khud karda shudand. Dar inkishofi M. A. P. Karpinskiy, A. K. Bol­direv, S. S. Smirnov, V. N. Lodoch­nikov, D. S. Korjinskiy, A. G. Betokhtin, N. V. Belov, V. S. Sobolev, D. P. Grigorev, E. K. Lazarenko va dig. niz hissai kalon guzoshtaand.

Bo tadqiqi Mineralogiya yak qator instituthoi AF SSSR, upravleniyayu idorahoi Vazorati geologiyai SSSR va respublikahoi ittifoqi, in-thoi talimi va tadqiqoti ilmi mashguland. Oid ba Mineralogiya muhimtarin nashriyaho inhoyand: «Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo mineralogi­cheskogo obshestva» (az 1886), «Mineralogicheskiy sbornik» Lvovsko­go Un-ta (az 1947), «Trudi Mineralogicheskogo muzeya» AN SSSR (az 1949). Dar Tojikiston tadqiqothoi muntazami mineralogi bad az Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr ogoz yoftand va komyobihoi in soha bo nomhoi A. B. Fersman, D. I. Sherbakov, T. N. Ivanova, B. N. Nasledov, V. A. Nikolaev, A. P. Nedeveskiy, N. A. Smolyaninov, f. I. Volfson, N. K. Morozenko, I. G. Magakyan, I. K. Nikitin, X. M. Abdulloev, S. M. Yusufova va dig. aloqamandand. Holo geologhoi sershumori respublika ba halli problemahoi baso muhimi Mineralogiya mashguland, ki R. B. Barotov, T. I. Novikova, N. A. Blokhina, V. V. Mogarovskiy, V. D. Dustmatov, A. R. Fayziev va digar az jumlai onhoyand.

Ad.: Vernadskiy V. I., Iab. soch., t. 2—3, Opit opisatelnoy mineralogii, M., 1955—59; Betekhtin A. g.. Kurs mineralogii, E izd.. M., 1961; Yusupo­va S. M., Geologiya bo elementhoi mi­neralogiya va petrografiya, D., 1963; Lazarenko E. K., Kurs mireralogii, 2 IZD., M., 1975.

A.Hasanov.