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MIKROSKOP

mikroskopMIKROSKOP (az mikro… va …skop), zarrabin, asbobi optiki baroi didani obekthoi nihoyat khurd, ki ba chashmi muqarrari namenamoyand. Chashmi inson az khubtarin masofai binish (baroi chashmi solim 250 mm) juziyoti obektro, ki ba hamdigar az 0,08 mm nazdiktar joygirand, farq namekunad. Bo yorii Mikroskopi optiki qismhoi predmetro, ki nisbat ba yakdigar dar masofai 0,2—0,25 ikm (mikrometr) joygirand, farq kardan yo khud bakteriyaho va unsurhoi strukturii hujayrahoro didan mumkin ast.

Avvalin Mikroskopro G. Galiley sokhtaast (1609—10). Badtar Mikroskopro olimoni rus (M. V. Lomonosov, L. Eyler, A. A. Lebedev) va olimoni khoriji (A.

Levenguk, E. Abbe), takmil doda, naza­riyai onro inkishof dodand. Mikroskopho optiki va elektroni meshavad.

Mikroskopi optiki (Rasmi 1. mi 1) az sistemai optikie, ki tasviri predmetro ka­lon mekunad, sistemai shuoafkan (oinai 1, kondensori 2), mizaki ashyoi tadqiqshavanda (3), revolver bo obektivho (4), tubus bo okulyarash (5) va shtativ (b) iborat ast. Ob­ektiv Ob va okulyar Ok (rasmi 2) sistemai optikii Mikroskopro tashkil medihand.

On MP 2) va yo az tarafi chapi fokusi peshi okulyar Fj paydo meshavad. Dar holati yakum okulyar tasviri rostai mavhumi (M”N”)-po medihad, ki karat kalon karda shudaast.

Dar holati digar tasviri haqikii Eg = — marotiba kalon kardashuda

ba vujud meoyad, ki onro dar ekran dida, az on aks bardoshtan mumkin ast (M.-i proeksioni, mikrofotogra­fiya). Kalonkuni umumii Mikroskop meboshad. Obektivhoi Mikroskop tasvirro az 3 to 100 va okulyarho az 7 to 15 karat kalon mekunand. Kalonkunii matlubi Mikroskop az rui formulai r = (500-J- -f- 1000) A hisob karda meshavad, ki dar on A—apertura» adadii ob­ektiv meboshad (nig. Apertura). Mahdudiyati quvvai tafriqai Mikroskop baroi dodani juziyoti navi pred­met, ki dar natijai bisyor kalon kardani tasvir ba vujud meoyad, imkon namedihad. Dar holati az o 51 Kh/A khurd budani masofai bay­ni du nuqta (X — darozii mavji shuo), onhoro bo Mikroskop alohida-alohida didan mumkin nest. Odatan A ba barobar ast, ammo bo yorii immer­siya (moei mutamadi bayni predmet va obektiv, ki nishondodi nm- kasta sh kalon ast) A-ro to 1,6 ziyod metavon kard. Az hisobi khurd kar­dani darozii mavj quvvai tafriqaro boz ham ziyodtar bardoshtan mum­kin ast (dar Mikroskopi elektroni ba amal ovarda meshavad).

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