METODOLOGIYa

METODOLOGIYa (az metod va lovil), nazariyai gnoseologiyu mantiqiest dar bobi prinsipho va metodhoi tadqiqu tekhniki ilmi, ba manii vasetar — talimotest dar borai aslu usulhoi hamaguna faoliyati odami — chi nazari va chi amali (digargunsozii voqeiyat).

Falsafa az qadimulyyom injonib (hej naboshad, az zamoni tashakkuli Upanishadhoi hinduvon) aslu sirishti donishi inson, manba, rohu tariqi paydoshi va munosibati onro ba voqeiyat tadqiq karda meoyad. Dar davrai atiqai yunoni Aflotun va Arastu dar barobari masalahoi ontologiya, etika va estetika, yak qator problemahoi nazariyai marifat va mantiqro niz tadqiq namudand, ki ahamiyati metodologi doshtand. Dar asrhoi miyona Abunasri Forobi, Abualii Sino, Umari Khayyom, Ibni Rushd va digaron zimni idomati tadqiqoti metodologii peshiniyon ba korkardi masalahoi mantiqiyu gnoseologi niz pardokhtaand. Az jumla Ibni Sino dar «Kitob-ush-shifo», «Kitob-un-najot», «Donishnomai Aloi», «Ishorot va tanbehot» va «Mantiq-ul-mashriqin-in» aqidahoi gnoseologiyu mantiqii Arasturo hamajoniba inkishof doda, prosessi az holi nodonista ba holi donista guzashtani marifati ilmiro tadqiq kard.

Masalahoi Metodologiya alalkhusus dar asrhoi 16 va 17, zamone, ki ilmi tabiatshinosi tashakkul yoftu problemai tanosubi metodi ilmi va usuli ananavii tahqiqoti naturfalsafi pesh omad, dar maddi nazar budand. Falsafai onvaqta ba korkardi bunyodi metodologii tabiatshinosi jiddi mashgul shud. In kori muhimro, ki F. Bekon va R. Dekart cap karda budand, falsafa to khudi intihoi a. 19 idoma dod. Guzasht az in, problemai mazkur bo mururi zamon az hududi peshinai khud baromada rafta, ba kushishi «ilmonidan»-i khudi falsafa tabdil yoft, zero falsafaro bori avval zarurati tarikhie pesh omad, ki vujudi khudro hamchun sohai mustaqili faoliyati manavi asosnok namoyad. Az jumla, falsafai klassikii nemis makha bunyodi metodologii metafizikaro mavridi tahlili intiqodi qaror dod. Dar in roh makhsusan I. Kant iqdomi buzurg kard. Mahz u bud, ki bori nakhust masalahoi todologiro az masoili gnoseologi judo kardaast. Vale Kant tahkursii binoi seroshyonai metafizikai asri ananaviro vayron karda boshad ham okhir khudash pobandi goyai metafizikai nav shuda mond, ki az sistemai peshinai falsafi faqat az jihati aslu usuli khud farq mekardu bas.

Solhoi siyumi asri 10 pozitivizm nom, jarayoii navi falsafi cap bardosht, ki az avval khudro «metodologiyai haqiqii ilm» elon kard. Ammo dar nihoyati kor vay ba maqsadi khud narasid, zero yak norasoii prinsipiali dosht: agar naturfalsafai Kant, ki onro pozitivizm tamoman 13 bayn burdani bud, masalahoi juzii ilmro bo usuli sirf falsafi hal kunad, pozitivizm, baraks, masalahoi kullii falsafiro bo usulhoi khossai ilmi tabiatshinosi khal kardan mekhost. In amr ba shaklhoi badinai tarikhii pozitivizm (empiriokritisizm, pozitivizimi mantiqi) niz khos bud. Az in jihat behuda nest, ki barnomai metodologii falsafai chi pozitivisti va chi neopozitivisti okhiran ijro nashuda mond.

Az okhirhoi solhoi 50 va makhsusan avvali solhoi 60 ba arsai Metodologiyai ilm ba istiloh postpozitivizm baromad. Namoyandagoni in jarayoni navbaromadi falsafai Garb (alalkhusus T. Kun, II. Lakatos va P. Feyerabend), bar khilofi barnomai pozitnvistoni mantiey, ba peshi khud vazifa guzoshtand, ki qonuniyathoi tashakkul, takomul va taraqqii sistemai donishhoi ilmiro tadqiq namoyand. Harchand onho dar in roh ba muvaffaqiyathoi muayyan komyob shudand, prinsiphoe, ki eshon rohnamoi metodologi qaror dodaand (relyativizm, psikhologizm), imkon nadodand, ki barnomai khudro ba tavri bodu shoyad ba ijro rasonand.

Kharju marjero, ki jarayonhoi mukhtalifn falsafai burjuazi dar sohai Metodologiyai ilm ba vuchud ovardaand, faqat dialektikai maternalisti bartaraf karda tavonist. Baroi ba in nukta bovarh khosil namudan yak ba tarikhi kashfiyothoi fizikii okhiri asri 19 va avvali asri 20 va manidodhoi falsafii onho nazar meafkanem.

Taqsimpazirii atom va az zarrazaryadnok iborat budani on, aloqamandii botinki massa va energiya, khosiyathoi ajibu hayratangezi fazovu vaqt — chunin ast ruykhati nopurrai on kashfiyothoi inqilobii Fizikai davrai mazkura, ki dar tasavvuroti chandasrai ilmi tabadduloti gushnoshunidro ba amal ovardaand. Jarayonhoi mukhtalifi falsafai idealisti va metafiziki, alalkhusus pozitivizm, ba mohiyati aslii 1,0 kashfiyotho sarfahm naraftand Va Dar tabiri onho ba khulosahoi sust asos va hatto komilan galat roh dodand. «Materiya nest meshavad, Faqat muodilaho boqi memonand»— chunin ast yake az on khulosahoi tamoman noduruste, ki homiloni emoriokritisizm az kashfiyothoi navini fiziki barovarda budand va zur zada onhoro baroi sobit kardani aqidahoi gayriilmii khud istifoda meburdand.

V. I. Lenin ba in jihati masala etibori kalon doda, inqilobi ilmii okhiri asri 19 va ibtidoi asri 20-ro dar jarayoni andeshavu taammuli ziddiyati asosi dar inkishofi fizikai onvaqta — ziddiyati bayni mazmuni revolyusionii kashfiyothoi navin va manidodi nodurusti mohiyati falsafii onho — hamajihata tahlilu tarkib kard. Zimni in V. I. Lenin reshahoi sinfi va gnoseologii idealizmi «fiziki»-ro oshkor namuda, ba on fakt etibori makhsus dod, ki dar mavridi mazkur «mo bo yak jarayoni baynalkhalqii goyavie saru kor dorem, ki az yagon sistemai falsafii alohida vobasta nabuda, az baze sababhoi umumie barmeoyad, ki az doirai falsafa berunand» (Lenin V. I., Poli. sobr. soch., t. 18, s. 320—321). Hangomi tahlili falsafii «buhroni fizika» boshad, V. I. Lenin jihathoi konsentuali va gnoseologii onro judo karda, mohiyati masalaro bo nuri hikmat ravshan namud. Ba qavli u, asli mavzu iborat az on ast, ki az yak taraf «qonunho va prinsiphoi kuhan darham shikasta shudaand» va az tarafi digar, «realiyati obektivii berun az shuur yak su partofta meshavad, yane materializm bo idealizm va agnostisizm ivaz karda meshavad». Buhroni bunyodi konseptualiti fizikai asri mo asosan to ibtidoi solhoi 30 dar natijai barrasii bunyodi matematiki va andeshoti goyavii nazariyahoi kvanti va relyativisti bartaraf karda shud. Lekin jarayoni darki falsafii tabadduloti mazkur solhoi duru daroz tul kashid va hamrohi ba muborizai shadidi materializm va idealizm surat girift. Ba hamin munosibat yak nuqtaro az osori falsafii Lenin qayd karda guzashtan saloh ast. V. I. Lenin andaruni tahlili inqilobi ilmii fizikai ibtidoi asri 20 yake az sababhoi asosii gumrohona ba botloqi idealizm gutida mondani fizikai navinro dar on medid, kn «fizikho dialektikaro namedonistand» (Lenin V. I., Poln. sobr. soch., t. 18, s. 277—278).

Silsilai kashfiyothoe, ki dar fizikai hozira ba amal baromadaand va dar oyanda surat khohand girift, az jihati ajobatangezi va oqibathoi imkonpaziri khud az kashfiyothoi zamoni peshin mondani nadorand va ba in mani zarurati azkhud namudan va boshuurona istifoda burdani prinsiphoi metodologii maternalizmi dialektiki az harvaqta dida tezu tundtar ba miyon meoyad. V. I. Lenin barhaq farmudaast: «Tabiatshinosi chunon tez pesh meravad, dar hamai sohaho davrai chunon darhamshikanii chuquri inqilobiro az cap meguzaronad, ki be khulosahoi falsafi tabiatshinosi hej goh qanoat karda nametavonad» (Lenin V. I., poln. sobr. soch., t. 45, s. 31). Lekin baroi barovardani khulosahoi durust mahz falsafai marksistiro asosi metodologi qaror dodan lozim ast.

Saromadoni marksizm-leninizm zarurat va ahamiyati barqaror kardani ittifoqu ittihodi ejodii falsafa va tabiatshinosiro takid karda, barhaq onro zaminai komyobii tarafayn donistaand. Dar voqe, magar olimi tabiatshinos jiddan falsafaro sarfi nazar karda metavonad? Okhir tahqiqoti ilmi be tafakkur nameshavad, tafakkur boshad be kategoriyahoi mantiq. Dar navbati khud kategoriyahoi mantiq dar jarayoni tahlilu tarkibi falsafii tamomi tarikhi marifati inson shaklu mazmun giriftaand. Pas, baroi muhaqqiqi tabiatshinos falsafa misli obu havo lozim ast va agar vay onro didayu donista inkor kunad, dar nihoyati kor ba domi yagon aqoidi falsafanamo meaftadu bas. Ba in mani F. Engels chunin farmudaast: «Tabiatshinoson har qiyofaero, ki ba khud girand, zero hukmi falsafa khohand bud. Gap faqat dar sari on ast, ki oyo onho tahti nufuzi yagon falsafai nobobi modshuda budanro mekhohand va yo mekhohand chunin shakli tafakkuri nazariro ba khud dastur qaror dihand, ki on mavquf bar tarikhi tafakkur va komyobihoi ust». (Marks K., Engels F., Soch., t. 20, s. 525).

Az tarafi digar, khudi falsafa niz novobasta ba inkishofi ilmhoi tabiatshinosi taraqqi karda nametavonad; vay faqat tavassuti jambasti intiqodii natijahoi fanhoi tabiatshinosi va jamiyatshinosi va andeshai amiqu bisyorjihatai tajribai ijtimoi kategoriya va qonunhoi khosi khudro kashf menamoyad. Ba in mani dar bayni falsafa va ilmhoi mushakhkhas (konkreti) vobastagii mutaqobil hast.

Metodologiyai ilmie, ki ba dialektikai materialisti (okhiri ba mantiq va nazariyai marifat musovi donista meshavad) asos meyobad, justuju va barrasii hamon prinsiphoi evristiro maqsadi umdai khud medonad, ki bar bunyodi inkishofi donishn ilmi qaror giriftaand va payvasta qonuniyathoi tashakkul va takomuli tarikhii onro idora mekunand. Chunin prinsiphoi metodologiro boshad, faqat dar zaminai tahlilu tarkibi intiqodii prosessi marifat, ki khud zimni robitai murakkabe bo omilhoi ijtimoiyu farhangi amal mepazirad, daryoftan va ba qolibi tahriri falsafi kashidan mumkin megardad. Mahz zimni ijroi in amr dialektikai materialisti vazifai Metodologiyai ilmro samarabakhshona ado karda metavonad.

Dar sohai ilmhoi jamiyatshinosi vazifai Metodologiyaro materializmi dialektiki bo hamdastii materializmi tarikhi ba ijro merasonad. Falsafai marksisti Metodologiyai qulliyu hamagoniest, ki dar hamai sohahoi ejodiyot — ilm, adabiyot va sanat barobar ba sifati rahnamo khizmat mekunad. Lekin vayro yagona Metodologiyai sohahoi mazkur pindoshtan noravost. Solhoi okhir zarurati judo kardani saviyahoi gunoguni tadqisqti metodologi pesh omad, zero malum shud, ki dar barobari metodologiyai kulli (dialektikai materialisti) yak qator sohahoi navi tadqiqot tashakkul yoftand, ki khud maqomi metodologi dorand. Chunonchi, mantiqi matematiki, semiotika, kibernetikai nazari, prognostika, nazariyai umumii sistemaho, strukturalizm va monandi inho aynan az jumlai chunin sohahoeand, ki nisbat ba digar sohahoi inobatan juzii ilm funksiyai metodologiro ijro mekunand. Vale bunyodi metodologii khudi in sohahoi nisbatan umumii ilm dar navbati khud dar zaminai materializmi dialektiki qaror giriftaast.

Boyad niz guft, ki Metodologiyai falsafi yak sohai mustaqili materializmi dialektiki va tarikhiro tashkil namedihad, zero hamai prinsipho, qonunho va kategoriyahoi falsafai marksisti ba andozai barobar funksiyai metodologiro ado mekunand.

Bartarii Metodologiyai materialistiyu dialektiki alalkhusus dar on zohir megardad, ki vay muhaqqiqoni tabiat, jamiyat va olami manaviyotro ba oshkor sokhtani dialektikai obektivi hidoyat mekunad va az in jihat dasturhoi gnoseologiash hej goh khilofi voqeiyat nakhohand bud. Ba in mani mahz falsafai marksisty yagona metodi kulli va jahonbinii khosest, ki zimni on masalahoi prinsipiali va pukhtarasidai ilm, madaniyat va amaliyai ijtimoii asri hoziraro hal kardan imkonpazir ast.

Ad.: Marks K. i Engels F., Svyatoe semeystvo, Soch., t. 2; Engels F., Dialeitina prirodi; MarksK. i Engels F., Soch., t. 20; Lenin V. I., Materializm va empiriokritisizm, As., ch. 14; Lenin V. I., Daftarkhoi falsafy, As., ch. 38; Filosofiya, metodologiya, nauka, M., 1972; Metodologicheskie prinsipi fiziki, M., 1975; Shvirev

V. S., Metodologiya nauki (analiticheskiy obzor). M., 1979.

A. Tursunov.