MELIORASIYa

MELIORASIYa (az lot. meliora- tio — bedgardoni), majmui tadbirhoi tekhniki va tashkiliyu khojagii qatiyan behtar namudani holati zamin. Meliorasiya imkoniyat medihad, ki kompleksi sharoiti tabiii nohiyahoi kalon ba manfiati odam tagyir doda shuda, baroi flora va faunai foidabakhsh dar dokhili khok rejimi musoidi ob, davo, garmi va gizo va dar qabati nazdizaminii atmosfera rejimi nami, harorat va harakati havo faroham oyad, muhiti tabiii mahal solim va beh gardad. Meliorasiya omili muhimi baland bardoshta­ni samaranokii khojagii qishloq, meboshad. Meliorasiya khojagii qishloqro mustahkam namuda, onro az ofathoi tabiy emin medorad.

Meliorasiyai zaminhoe, ki rejimi nomusoidi ob dorand, beshtar mamul ast.

Meliorasiyai zaminhoi namiashon az had ziyod baroi ba vujud ovardani sharoiti gidrologii mutadil, pesh burdani korhoi sahroi va giriftani hosili ustuvoru baland pesh girifta meshavad, ki on dar natijai dur kardani obi barziyod ba vositatai kanalhoi pushidayu rukushod, drenaj, inchunin bo yorii nasosho ba obgurezu havzho kashidani obi qabati khok, yane khushkondani zamin ba dast meoyad.

Dar nohiyahoe, ki borishot kamu bukhorshavi khele ziyod ast, bo rohi obyorii suni (nig. Obyori) nami lozimi khokro tamin mekunand.

Hangomi obyori rejimi harorati khok beshtar gardida, dar on boqimondahoi organikii ziyod ruh va mineralshavii onho sust meshavad. Dar biyobon, nimbiyobon va dashthoe, ki chorvodori inkishof yoftaast, charogohhoro obshor (nig. Obshorkuni) mekunand. Dar nohiyahoi kamob ba­roi sarfa kardani ob ba vasilai sokhtani obanoorho, inchunin az yak havza ba havzai digar guzaronidani ob tanzimi mavsimiyu bisyorsolai jarayoni daryoro pesh megirand. Ba Meliorasiyai in guruh, inchunin ba Osiyoi Miyona va Qazoqiston rayoni kardani yak qismi obi daryoho, tanzi­mi daryoho — ziyod kardani qobiliyati obguzaronii onho, bo rohi ba­land kardani sohilho peshgiri na­mudani obkhezi, rost va chuqur kar­dani majroi daryoho, sokhtani obgard dar majroi kanalu daryoho ba­roi peshgiri kardani tahshini ob va ba vujud ovardani qabati obnoguzar, inchunin hosil kardani qabati khoki hosilkhez ba vositai az kanalhoi loyqagi ba zaminhoi serregu sanglokh, mavzehoi past ovar­dani loyqa va g. dokhil meshavand.

Tamomi kompleksi Meliorasiya, ki baroi behtar namudani rejimi nomusoidi boi territoriya ravona shudaast, Meliorasiyai gidrotekhniki nomida meshavad.

Zaminhoe, ki khususiyathoi nomusoidi fiziki va khimiyavi dorand, asosan bo rohi Meliorasiyai khimiyavi va agromeliorasiya behtar karda meshavand. Shurii zaminro bo obshui va shudgori chuqur bartaraf menamoyand.

Meliorasiyai zaminhoe, ki az tasiri zararnoki mekhanikii ob yo bod az kor baromadaand, tadbirhoi peshgirii tasiri zararovari obu bod (nig. Eroziyai son), muborizai ziddi regi ravon, regkuchi va g.-ro dar bar megirad.

Meliorasiya az digar tadbirhoe, ki ba behshavii zamin, alalkhusus baland shudani hosilkhezii khok aloqamandand, asosan bo davomnokii tasiri khud farq mekunad. Binobar in Meliorasiyaro «doimi», «ustuvor», «asosi» meguyand.

Sistemahoi obyori bar khilofi shudgor, sikhmola va g., ki takrori harsolaro talab mekunand, inshooti darozmuhlatand. Onho baroi ba zaminhoi obi ovardani ob va obmonii ziroati khojagii qishloq imkon medihand.

Meliorasiya hangomi istifodai yakjoyai onho samarabakhsh buda, bo korhoi kishtukoru tekhniki va tadbirhoi agrotekhniki, ki dar behtar namuda­ni sharoiti tabiii zamin kompleksi yagonaro tashkil medihand, aloqai zich dorad.

Dar Tojikiston 1,6 mln ga zamini obyoribob mavjud ast. Holo dar respublika 650 hazor ga zamin obyori karda meshavad. Zaminhoi obi dar vodii daryoho va poyonobi chashmahoi sershumor, ki az kuhho jory mesha­vand, voqe gardidaand. Holo dar Tojikiston sokhtmoni sistemai obyorii Dangara (75 haz. ga) davom do­rad. Zaminhoi vodii Beshkent (19 khae. ga), dashti Asht (28 haz. ga) az khud karda meshavand. Dar oyandai nazdik az khud kardani zaminhoi dashti Qizil (32 haz. ga), zaminhoi atrofi obanbori Kofarnihoni Po­yon (70 haz. ga), dashthoi Qaraqum 19 haz. ga), Oykul (14 haz. ga) peshbini shudaand.

Azkhudkunii minbadai zaminhoi nav ba murakkabii relefi onkho vobasta ast. In zaminho dar balandiho (bazan dar balandii to 600 m) joygirand va ba onho bo yorii stansiyahoi nasosi ob barovarda me­shavad. Territoriyai respublika ba se nohiyai khojagii ob taqsim me­shavad, ki har kadom relef, iqlim va gidrografiyai ba khud khos dorand: janub, shimol, markazi.

Buruqi Toshraboti kanali Gulistoni payoni Vakhsh.

Ba nohiyahoi khojagii obi janub havzahoi daryoi Vakhsh, Panj va Kofarnihon dokhil meshavand; baqiyai khojagii obi shimol — khavzai daryoi Sir (vodii Fargona va jarayoni mobayni); ba markazi — khavzai d. Zarafshon (qismi boloobi on).

Fondi zamini respublika ba nohiyahoi khojagii ob nobarobar taqsim meshavad. Khojagii obi janub 64%, shimol 29%, markazi 7% zaminhoi respublikaro obyori meku­nand.

Usulhoi odditarini Meliorasiyaro az qadimulayyom istifoda meburdand, Dar Mesopotamiya, Hinduston, Misri Qadim va Khitoy 5—3 hazor sol to m. obikori malum bud. Dar vodii daryohoi Dajla va Frot, dar kishv-hoi Osiyoi Khurd bisyor inshooti obbrav qadim yoft shudaand. Dar sohilhoi daryohoi Sir va Amu hanuz dar asrhoi 8—7 to m. zaminhoro obyori mekardand. Bad az galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr baroi korhoi sokhtmo­ni kompleksii meliorativi sharoiti musoid faroham omad. Dar panjsolai 1-um (1929—32) dar SSSR dav­rai navi tarakqii Meliorasiya cap shud. Dar nakhustin ruzhoi barpo gardi­dani Hokimiyati Soveti (17 may 1918) V. I. Lenin ba dekreti tashkili korhoi obyori dar Turkiston va ba in maqsad dodani 50 mln sum imzo karda bud. Dar in dekret vazifahoi konkretii doir ba obyorii Mirzochul, dashthoi Dilvarzinu qugron, sokhtani obanbor dar d. Za­rafshon va anjom dodani sokhtmoni sistemai irrigasioni dar vodii d. Chu ba miyon guzoshta shuda bud. Soli 1925 dar hududi Tojikiston sistemai obyorii ba nazar namoyone nabud. Idorahoi khojagii obi RASS Tojikiston ba barqaror namudani sistemai obyori va kanalhoi magistralii Juybor va Jillikul (Vakhsh), Kattaariq, Chirik va Sangoba (Shahrtuz) Yangi va Kalandchi (Panj) sarbavdu kanali Shuroobod (Vose) va yakchand kanalhoi digar shuru kardand. Ba  tufayli gamkhorii Partiyai kommunisti hanuz soli 1929 zamini obii Tojikiston ba 225 hazor ga rasonida shud, ki in nisbat ba 1917 63 hazor ga ziyod bud. Dar khudi hamon solho kanalhoi Shuroobod (Kuybishev). Dehqonariq (Farkhor), Qattaariq (Shahrtuz), Qistaquz va Gulakandoz (Khujand) va digar sistemahoi obyori sota shudand.

Azkhudkunii zaminhoi vodii Vakhsh (1931-34) dar tarikhi inkishofi obyorii Tojikiston roli muhim bozid. Holo sistemai obyorii ordeni «Nishoni Fakhri»-dori Vakhsh yake az kalontarin sistemahoi obyorii mamlakat meboshad, ki ziyoda az 100 hazor, ga zaminro obyori mekunad.

Plenumi mayi KM KPSS (I960) baroi sokhtmoni meliorativi dar Tojikiston davrai nav kushod. Muvofiqi qarori Plenumi mayii KM KPSS va Plenumi iyulii (1966) KM KPSS Programmai konkretii sokht­moni irrigasioni va meliorativii respublika baroi solhoi minbada tartib doda shud.

Dar asosi in programma solhoi 1966—74 masohati zaminhoi obii kolkhozu sovkhozhoi respublika beshtar az 100 hazor ga ziyod, holati meliorativii 95 hazor ga beshtar karda shud.

Bo qarori sezdi 26-umi KPSS dar panjsolai 11-um dar mamlakat pro­grammai azimi meliorasiyai zamin peshbini shud. Ba istifoda dodani 3,4—3,6 mln ga zaminhoi obi, khushkonidani 3,7—3,9 mln ga zaminhoi sernam, obshor kardani 26—28 mln ga mintaqahoi biyobonu nimbiyobon va nohiyahoi kuhi peshbini shudaast. Az jumla dar Tojikiston 50—55 hazor ga zaminhoi nav az khud va hazor ga obshor karda meshavand.

Badi Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr dar Tojikiston shabakai muassisahoi tadqiqoti ilmi, loihakashi tasis yoftand, ki ba masalahoi ilmi Meliorasiya mashguland: Stansiyahoi khokshinosi— meliorativii Vakhshu Leninobod, Instituthoi tadqiqoti ilmii khokshino­si va ziroat.

Dar inkpshofi ilmi M. Antipov- Karataev I. I., Grabovskaya O. A., Kerzum P. A., Pankratov P. A., Bongkovskiy F. N. va digar sahmi kalon guzoshtand. Fakulteti gidrome­liorasiyai Instituti khojagii qishloqi Tojikiston va Tekhnikumi politekhnikii Dushanbe har kadom besh az 2000 mutakhassis tayyor kardand. Tekhnikumi meliorativii rayoni Zafarobod sole besh az 150 meliorator tayyor mekunad. Loihai az khud kardani hamai passivhoro Instiuti loihakashii «Tojikgiprovodkhoz» tartib medihad. Maqolahoi ilmiyu istehsolii oid ba Meliorasiya dar sahifahoi jurnali «Khojagii qishloqi Tojikiston» (az s. 1947) chop meshavand.

Ad.: Kostyakov A. N., Osnovi me­liorasii, M.. 1960; Sharov I. A., Eksuliatsiya gidromeliorativnikh sistem. M. 1968;  Plani partii po meliorasii voploshayutsya v jizn, M., 1976.

M. Abdusamadov, A. Kholiqov. H. Ochilov.