MAVRIKIYa

MAVRIKIYa (Mauritius), davlat dar jazirai Mavrikiy va jazirahoi Rodriges, Agalega va galajazirai Kargados — Karakhos, dar qismi garbii uqyonusi Hind. Masohatii 2045 km2 (az on jumla jazirai Mavrikiy 1865 km2). Aholiash 950 hazor nafar (1980). Poytakhtash Port-Lui (aholiash 150 hazor nafar, 1977). Az jihati mamuri terr. Mavrikiya ba 9 okrug taqsim shudaast.

Mavrikiya — hokimiyati mutlaqan konstitusioni. Konstitusiyai joriash 4 marti 1968 qabul shudaast. Sardori davlat — malikai Angliya. Hukumatro namoyandai u general-gubernator idora mekunad. Organi olii qonunbaror — Majlisi qonunbarori yakpalatagi. Sistemai sudi: Sudi Oli, apellyasioni, sudhoi jinoyati va sudhoi okrugi.

Malumoti tarikhi. Jazirai Mavrikiy hanuz dar asri 10 ba sayyohoni arab malum bud. Ba jazira avvalin bor dar ibtidoi asri 16 az evropoiyon portugaliho omada budand. Soli 1598 jaziraro gollandiho ishgol karda, ba on Mavrikiy nom dodaand. Dar zamoni Hukmronii khud gollandiho ba jazira az Afrikai Garbi gulomon ovarda budand. Jazira hamchun bazai harbi dar rohi Hinduston va makoni darakhti qimatbahoi obnus diqqati Fransiya va Britaniyai Kabirro ba khud jalb namud. Soli 1715 onro fransaviho zabt namudand va soli 1810 ba ikhtiyori Britaniyai Kabir guzasht. Soli 1914 ba mustamlikai Angliya tabdil yoft.

Manzarai umumii sh. Port-Lun. Soli 1835 badi bekor shudani gulomdori ba jazira muhojirati hinduho ogoz yoft. Aholii jazira dar tamomi tarikhi khud borho bar ziddi zulmu asorati mustamlikadoron shurish bardoshta bud: shurishi gulomon soli 1695 bar ziddi Gollandiya, shurishi solhoi 1724, 1732, 1794 bar ziddi fransaviho. Dar davrai hukmronii anglisho muboriza bar ziddi mustamlikadoroni Angliya davom mekard. Soli 1935 ittafoqhoi kasabai Mavrikiya barpo gardid. Soli 1936 avvalin partiyai siyosi — Partiyai leyboriste tashkil shud, ki onro asosan burjuaziyai miyona va khurd dastgiri mekard. Avji muborizai ziddi mustamlikavi badi Jangi duyumi jahoni Britaniyai Kabirro ba baze guzashtho majbur kard. Huquqi Shuroi qonunbapop vase karda shuda, huquqi intikhoboti umumi jori gardid, hukumati milli tashkil yoft. Dar zeri fishori harakati milli-ozodikhohonai aholii chazira soli 1965 doir ba Mavrikiya dodani istiqloliyat qaror qabul karda shud. 7 avgusti 1967 intikhoboti Shuroi qonunbapop shuda guzasht va jazira ba huquqi terr. khudidorakuni sohib shud. Partiyai leyboristi dar intikhobot galaba kard va favran ba jazira dodani istiqloliyatro talab namud. 12 marti 1968 Mavrikiya dar Ittihodi Britaniya davlati sohib istiqlol gardid. Okhirhoi 1969 dar Mavrikiya dar zaminai Partiyai leyboristi Partiyai sotsial-demokratii Mavrikiy va Partiyai komiteti amaliyoti musulmoni (tasisash 1958) koalisiyai hukumati tashkil shud. Bloki taraqqiparvari mustaqil (tasisash 1958), Ittifoqi demokratii Mavrikiy (tasisash 1970) va Harakati jangovaronai mavrikiyho (tasisash 1970) dar oppozisiya mondand. Az soli 1970 dar Mavrikiya harakati vasei korpartoi avj girift. Dekabri 1971 hukumat dar mamlakat vaziyati favquloda elon kard, faoliyati hamai ittifoqhoi kasabae, ki ba Harakati jangovaronai mavrikiyho aloqamand budand, qat va organi in partiya g. «Militan» basta shud. Soli 1974 13 ittifoqi kasaba az nav ba faoliyati khud shuru kard. Soli 1975 ba nashri g. «Militan» niz ijozat doda shud. Man 1978 g. «Militan» boz basta shud. Mohi dekabri 1976 bori avval badi istiqloliyati Mavrikiya intikhoboti parlament shuda guzasht. Mavrikiya az apreli 1969 azoi TDM, az soli 1970 azoi Tashkiloti umumii Afrikayu Malagasiyayu Mavrikiy. Soli 1972 Mavrikiya ba «Bozori umumi» dokhil shud. Az soli 1968 Mavrikiya bo SSSR munosibathoi diplomati dorad. Soli 1974 Mavrikiya doir ba sohai mohidori bo SSSR shartnoma bast.

 Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifqhoi kasaba. Partiyai leyboristi (PL), tasisash 1936; Komiteti amaliyoti musulmoni (KAM), tasisash 1958; Partiyai sotsial-demokrati Mavrikiy, tasisash 1955. Harakati jangovaronai mavrikiho, tasisash 1970; Federasiyai umumii korgaron. Kongressi leyboristii Mavrikiy, tasisash 1963.

Khojagi. Mavrikiya mamlakati agrarist, ki dar iqtisodiyoti on kapitali Angliya va Fransiya mavqei kalon dorad. Nayshakar hamchun ziroati asosii khojagii qishloq dar joi yakum va istehsoli joy dar joi duyum meistad. Gayr az on tamoku, banan, aloe, juvorimakka, kartoshka, sabzavot parvarish mekunand. Az chorvo asosan buz va gov meparvarand. Mohigiri rivoj yoftaast. Dar mamlakat zavodhoi korkardi nayshakar, yoquti suni baroi zavodhoi soatsozii Shveysariya, fabrikahoi korkardi choy, ustokhonahoi kishtisozi va g. mavjudand. Aksariyati korkhonaho bo ishtiroki kapitali khoriji sokhta shuda, baroi eksport mahsulot mebarorand. Tuli rohhoi avtomobilgard — 2,0 hazor km (1977). Bandari kaloni uqyonusi — Port-Lui. Aeroporti baynalkhalqi (Plezans) dorad. Mavrikiya ba khorija qand. tiran qand, choy, tamoku barovarda, az khorija mahsuloti khurokvori, moshin va tajhizot, molhoi sanoati megirad. Sharikoni asosii savdo: Britaniyai Kabir, Kanada, ShMA, RAN, Avstraliya, Fransiya, Hinduston. Vohidi pul rupiyai mavrikiy.

Sathi terr. Mavrikiya baland, qismi Janubu garbii on (k. Piton, 826 m); dar qismi markaziash pushtakuh (balandiash to 600 m), dar Shim. va Sh. hamvorii qambari nazdi sohili tul kashidaast. Sohilho bo rifhoi marjoni ihota shudaand. Iqlimash tropikii bahri. Harorati miyonai mohi garmtarin fevral 26° S, mohi az hama khunuktarin avgusti 14—18° S. Borishoti solona 1500—2500, dar hamvorihoi nazdi sohil 1500—5000 mm. D-i kalon Grand-River. Khokash az jinshoi vulqoni paydo shudaast, binobar on hosilkhez meboshad. Taqriban */z qismi terr. mamlakatro beshahoi anbuhi tropiki faro giriftaast. Olami hayvonotash qadima va endemiki. Dar in jo nimiaymun (az on jumla lemur), tenrekhoi hasharotkhur, khorpusht, mushoni parron zindagi mekunand. Az darrandagoni khurdi oilai vivver-mangusta — gurbai khazmonand duchor meoyad. Az parrandaho dar jazira tuti, kardinal, kabutar, murgi chipor, murgi sultoni va g. vomekhurand. Az khazandagon bukalamun, gekkonho, iguanho, morhoi pechon, 2 namudi timsoh hast. Khazanda va hasharot bisyor. Sangpusht, lemurhoi azimjussa va murgi epiarnis vahshinyona qir karda shudaand.

Dar mamlakat asosan hinduyon (86%), kreolho (fransavinajodho) (30%), khitoiho (3%), afrikoiho (nasli gulomoni madagaskari) va digar zindagi mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — anglisi. Hinduyon ba rasmu oini dini ananavi etiqod dorand, inchunin nasroni, musulmon, buddoiho hastand. Shahrhoi kalon: Bo-Bassev, Kyurpaiv, Vakoas Katr-Born.