MAKTABI MINYOTURI ShEROZ

MAKTABI MINYOTURI ShEROZ, yake az sabk va maktabhoi minyoturnigorie, ki nimai avvali asri 14 dar Sheroz tashakkul yoftaast. Qadimtarin namunai osori Madaniyati minyoaturi Sheroz, ki to zamoni mo rasidaast, minyoturkori va oroishoti haft dastkhati «Shohnoma»-i Firdavsi meboshad, ki solhoi 1330—52 anjom yoftaast. Dar in solho dar Sheroz kitobkhonae amal mekard, ki minyoturnigoronu hunarmandoni saliqaashon gunogunro gird ovarda bud. Uslubi umumii minyoturhoi in maktab kharakteri monumentali doshta, jussahoi kalon (bazan barqaddi musavvara) dar zamini surkh yo zard ofarida meshud. Peyzajnigori hamchun tavsifi joi amal inkishof yofta, tasviri aniqi fazo ba hukmi anana medaroyad.

Solhoi 70 asri 14 dar musavvarahoi Madaniyati minyoaturi Sheroz prinsipi ditari fazoi — tasviri sertarkibavu serjuziyot dar minyotur mamul megardad. Dar okhiri asri 14 va ibtidoi asri 15 badi Bagdodu Tabrezro fath namudani Temur hunarmandonu sanatkoroni ziyode ba Samarqandu Sheroz ovarda shudaad va Madaniyati minyoaturi Sheroz ru ba inkishof nihod.

Va in dastkhati «Tazkirat-yl -shuaro», ki solhoi 1410—11. talif shudaand guvohi medihad. Dar qatori minyoturhoi sabki Sheroz dar in dastkhatho boz musavvarahoi bo uslubi minyoturnigorii Bagdodu Tabrez ejodshuda vomekhurand, ki barjastatarin namoyandai on Junayd Sultoi bud. Dar in minyoturho prinsipi tasviri fazoi va kompozisiya mukammal gardida, tafsiri obraz, peyzaj, ajsomi memori bo tasiri minyoturhoi Junayd Sulton inkishof yoft. Vale soli 1420 az in du raviya sabki Sheroz bartari paydo karda, uslubi minyoturnigorii Bagdodu Tabrezro tang karda barovard. Tasvirot aniq, shumorai jussaho kam, tanosubi rangu holati paykarho chovishgar megardand («Tazkirat-ush-shuaro», 1420).

Hatto usulhoi minyoturnigorii dar maktabi Bagdod rasmgardida tabiri navi khudro meyoband. Dar aksari minyoturho ba sifati zamin (fon) qullahoi yakrangi tirafom istifoda meshavand. Inkishofi minbadai Madaniyati minyoaturi Sheroz bo hamii roh surat giriftaast («Tarikhi Jahonkusho»-i Juvayni, 1438, «Khamsa»-i Nizomi, 1444—45). Qullahoi yakrangi tegahoyashon bo rakhhoi hoshiyamonand oro dodashuda bo mururi zamon meyori mamuli minyoturhoi in maktab megardad. Tasviri makhsusi margzor bo anbuhi rastanihoi zich, kharsanghoi qunguramogand, abrhoi qabat baqabatu purpechutob nishonahoi khosi minyoturhoi solhoi 40-um ba shumor meravad.

Ba minyoturhoi Madaniyati minyoturi Sheroz nimai duyumi asri 15 mujazi, tobishhoi ravshani rangho khos ast («Shohnoma», 1450—60). Dar okhiri asri 15 Madaniyati minyoturi Sheroz ba avji inkishofi khud rasida, tamomi nozuki, daqiqi va nazarraboii sanati minyoturnigoriro dar khud tajassum mekunad («Khamsa»-i Nizomi, 1491). Madaniyati minyoturi Sheroz dar asri 16 ham inkishof yofta, dar khud behtarin sifathoi minyoturnigorii okhiri asri 15-i Sherozro nigoh medorad (Devoni Hofiz, 1532).

Az okhiri solhoi 40-um miqdori dastkhathoi minyoturdor afzuda, kompozisii boyu mukammal, rangho ravshanu jozib megardand («Khamsa»-i Nizomi, 1543—44; 1545). Dar solhoi 1560—70 Madaniyati minyoturi Sheroz ba davrai nav qadam menihad, ki ba on kompozisiyai bisyorfiguravi khos bud (mas., tasviri javgonbozi, marosimhoi gunoguni serodam va g.). Bozyofthoi ejodii kompozisiyai bisyorfiguravi alalkhusus dar «Mehr va Mushtari»-i Assori Tabrezi, «Kulliyot»-i Sadii Sherozi, «Shohnoma»-i Firdavsi (1594—95) ravshan ba chashm merasad. Minyoturkhoi in davra az rui andoza kalontar shuda, domani mavzuashon vase megardad va juziyoti maishi botafsiltar ifoda meyobad.

Maqomi oroishot, ki yake az juzhoi muhimtarini Madaniyati minyoturi Sheroz bud, boz ham meafzoyad: der nigoshtani juziyoti memori rangubor, zebu zinat va naqshunigori tabii quvvat megirad. Madaniyati minyoturi Sheroz dar tuli pohi durudarozi ejodi (nimai duyumi asri 15 — ibtidoi asri 17) ba bisyor bozyoftho noil shud va barobari mohirona hazm lamudani ananai digar sabku raviyahoi minyoturnigori uslubi khosi khudro to okhir nigoh dosht.

M. Ashrafi.