MAHMUDI ShABUSTARI

MAHMUDI ShABUSTARI Ibni Abdukarim (1252, Shabustar, nazdikii Tabrez— 1320, hamon jo), faylasuf, shoir, mutafakkiri asrhoi 13—14. Asarhoi u dostoni «Gulshani roz», risolahoi «Kava-ul-haqoiq», «Shahidnoma», «Miraot-ul-muhaqqiqin», ki ba za­boni forsi-tojiki talif shudaand, asosan masalahoi falsafi, akhloqi va irfoniro dar bar megirand. Aqoidi falsafii Mahmudi Shabustari ba talimoti mashshoiyon qarobat doshta, niz az unsurhoi panteistiyu deisti kholi nest. Az jumla, Mahmudi Shabustari az mavqei panteizmi irfoni (vahdati vujud) ba halli masalahoi muhimi fal­safi, az qabili tanosubi kull va juz, vahdat va kasrat, zot va sifot, vujud va mavjud, botin va zohir (munosibati bayni khudo, olam, odam va darki mohiyati onho) pardokhtaast. Ba aqidai Mahmudi Shabustari hama voqe dar zamonu makon buda, bo ham aloqamand va az yak manba mebo­shand. Khudo, olamu odam az mum aslu mohiyat az yakdigar judo nabuda, dar hambastagi vujud dorand. Ammo u yagonagiro dar mohiyati ilohi medid. Ba aqidai Mahmudi Shabustari vahdat jihati vujudi botini va kasrat jihati mavjudi zohirist. Pantenami Mahmudi Shabustari tobishi nominalisti va materialisti dorad. Mafhumi «kull» ba khudo, «vujud» ba juz, «kasrat» ba mavjudot vobasta meshavad. Yane kull (khudo, mohiyati ilohi) ba tufayli juz (moddiyot) mavjud va oshkor ast. Mahmudi Shabustari tasdiq mekard, ki tabiat dar tagyir va inkishofi doimist va ashyo tavassuti ziddiyat ba vujud meoyad. Ba aqidai u az omezishi chor unsur (otash, havo, ob, khok) — madan, az madan — rastaniho, az rastaniho — hayvonot va az avji ka­moloti olami hayvonot odam ba vujud omadaast. Mahmudi Shabustari odamro timsoli zamini ilohi va murodifi jahon shumurda, uzvhoi odam (Olami Sagir)-ro ba ashyoi Olami Kabir monand medonad. Mahmudi Shabustari aqida dosht, ki orif dar surate ba vasli khudo merasad, ki khudro az hama moddiyot pok gardonad. Dar natija odam monandi «khatti istino» rost, pok shu­da ba darajai «insoni komil» rasida, adli haqiqi jori megardad. Mahmudi Shabustari orifi ozodfikr buda, islomu shariatro vositai ba haqiqat noil shudan ne, balki zanjiri asorat meshumorad. Ba ifodai shariat pust, «barbastai jonu tan», «khalali rohi solim» ast. Mahmudi Shabustari ba muqobili taassub va adovati diniyu mazhabi baromada, dar bayni Qaba, kunishtu dayr farq nameguzosht, ruhoniyoni mutaassibro ba johiliyu gumrohi muttaham mekard. Talimoti Mahmudi Shabustari, ba inkishofi afkori ijtimoii mamlakathoi Sharqi Nazdiku Miyona tasiri kalon rasondaast. «Gulshani roz» ba bisyor zabonho tarjuma shu­da, dar bisyor mamlakatho intishor yoftaast (dar Avstriya, Germaniya, Angliya, Italiya, Hinduston, Turkiya va g.).

Ad.: Gulshani adab, ch 2,. D., 1074; Krimskiy A., Istoriya Persii, eyo literaturi i dervishskoy teosofii, t. 3, M., 1914—15; istoriya persidskoy i tadjikskoy literaturi. Pod red. Yana Ripki, M., 1970;

V. Ismatov.