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MADANIYaTI KRITU MIKEN

MADANIYaTI KRITU MIKEN, madaniyati Egey, nomi shartii madaniyati davrai birinjii Yunoni Qadim (2800—1100 to m.). Az nomi yodgorihoi Krit va Miken. Markazhoi asosii Madaniyati Kritu Miken dar natijai hafriyote, ki solhoi 70 asri 19 arkheologi nemis G. Shlimai dar Miken va solhoi 1900— 20 A. Evans dar sh. Knoss guzarondaand, muayyan gardidand. YOdgoriho shahodat medihand, ki Madaniyati Kritu Miken asosan az miyonai hazorai 2-to m. yagona budaast. Hanuz dar asri 19 muayyan karda shud, ki Troya, Miken, Filakop az yakchand qabati arkheologi iboratand. Avvali asri 20 muvofiqi taklifi A. Evans tarikhi Krit (hazorahoi 3—2 to m.) ba 3 davra (Minosi davrahoi avval — taqriban 3000 — 2200, Minosi miyona — taqriban 2200 — 1600, Minosi davrahoi okhir — taqriban 1600—1200 to m.) taqsim karda shud. Ba madaniyati Minosi davrahoi avvali guzarish ba eneolit, istifodai birinji (taqriban az soli 2600 to m.), bunyodi boshishgohhoi tipi shahri, pahnshavii chorvodori va inkishofi bahrnavardi khos ast. Dar in davra nobarobarii molu mulki va tanazzuli sokhti avlodi avj girift.

shamati Knoss, asbobi oroish va mustahkamii devorhoi on shahodat medihand. Dar Krita in davra khati piktografi (hurufoti surati) pahn gardid.

Solhoi 1700—1450 Knoss ba davlati purquvvati bahri tabdil yofta, hokimoni on na tanho Kiklad, balki qismi Elladai materikiro niz ba khud tobe namudand. Dar yak vaqt robitai bahrii Krit bo Misr va sohili janubii Osiyoi Khurd quvvat girift. Iqtidori podshohoni Krit — minosho dar rivoyathoi yunoni, musavvarahoi qasri Knoss aks yoftaand. Materialhoi hafriyoti dar Gurniya, Vrokastro, Tilisos va g guzaronidashuda dar borai inkishofi shahrhoi davrai Krit shahodat medihand. Qasrhoi hokimoni Knoss va Gurniya bo mahalhoi aholinishin ihota budand.

Dar nimai duyumi asri 15 to m. akheyhoi Peloponnes Knossro zabt namudand. Hurufoti mahalli bo talabi istilogaron tagyir doda shud. Taqriban soli 1400 to m. zaminjunbii kalon qasrhoi Knossro vayron kard, ki badi on mavqei Knoss dar galajazirai Esey va tamomi bahri Miyonazamini Sharqi sust shud va nufuzi Miken afzud. Baroi Madaniyati Kritu Miken qasrhoi podshohnishini devorhoyash az sanghoi kalon sokhtashuda khos ast. Davrai inkishofi Miken ba asrhoi 26—13 to m. rost meoyad. Rohhoi sangfarsh, ki Mikenro bo mahalhoi gunoguni Peloponnes va hatto Yunoni Markazi mepayvastand, dar borai iqtidori hokimiyati markazi shahodat medihand. Mikeniho dar in davra bo Sharqi Nazdik robita doshtand.

Dar okhiri asri 13 to m. tanazzuli madaniyati Miken cap meshavad. Sokhtmon (gayr az mudofiavi) qat gardida, robita bo mamlakathoi beruni sust shud. Ehtimol in hodisa bo jangi Troya aloqamand boshad. Ba jamiyati Madaniyati Kritu Miken hijrati kaloni etnikii asri 12 to m., az jumla hijrati doriyho, ki sarosar markazhoi madanii Miken va davlathoi gulomdorii ibtidoii Kritu Mikenro nest kardand, zarbai sakht zad. Dar jamiyati Madaniyati Kritu Miken munosibathoi gulomdori tashakkul meyoft. Dar khojagihoi darbor gulomoni ziyod budand, ki dar baynashon munosibathoi avlodi vujud dosht. Sustii poyai ijtimoii avvalin jamiyati gulomdorii Madaniyati Kritu Miken boisi az bayn raftan va dar avvali hazorai 1 to m. ba sokhti avlodi bargashtani on gardid.

Ahamiyati asosii Madaniyati Kritu Miken dar on ast, ki dar nohiyai pahnshavii on bori avval dar hudui Avrupo jamiyati sinfi va davlat paydo shuda khat va tamadduni mukammal ba vujud omad. Dar jamiyati Madaniyati Kritu Miken memori, naqshunigori rui devor, haykaltaroshi, asbobhoi safolii munaqqash, mujassamasozi az birinji, sang, ustukhoni fil va g. ba avji taraqqiyot rasid. Bisyor muvaffaqqiyathoi ba ganjinai madaniyati Madaniyati Kritu Miken jahoni dokhil gardid.

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