KhATTOTI

KhATTOTI, khushnavisi, sanati khati shevoyu zebo. Tarikhi khattoti bo tahavvuli khat va olati asosii kitobat qalam (nayqalam) sakht marbut ast. Garaz az khushu khub navishtan na faqat oson khondani khat, balki ba ehtiros ovardani zavqi khonanda, maleh va bade kardani khat bud. Xattoti dar bayni baze khalqhoi Sharqi Nazdik dar asosi khati arabi intishor yoftaast. Navhoi mamultarin va asosii khati guzashta usuli shashgona va yo usuli sitta: suls, naskh, muhaqqaq, rayhon, tavqe va riqo hisob meyobad, ki asosi hamai on khati kufist. Minbad av makhlut shudani khathoi zikrshuda khelhoi digar, az jumla, taliq, nastaliq, shikasta va gayra paydo shudaand. Uslubi khattoti ba khelhoi khat vobasta ast. Xattoti chun aruz, bade, qofiya va digar ilmhoi asrhoi miyona qonunhoi makhsus, nazariya va amaliyai khudro dosht, .ki khushnavison onro hatmai rioya mekardand va az doirai on berun namebaromadand. Ba nazariyai khattoti khattotoni nomii asrhoi 10—11 Abuali Muhammad, ki chun Ibni Muqla mashhur ast va Ali ibni Hilol (Ibni Bavvob) asos guzoshtaand. Ananahoi onhoro YOquti Mustasimi davom doda, az jihati nazariyavi inkishof va rivoj dodaast. Dar sistemai talimi asrhoi miyona khattoti chun iavi makhsusi ejodi badei hisob meshud. Baroi talimi on se omili muhim: talimi durust, mashqi payvasta va tozagii ruh shart ast.

Nozuki va khususiyathoi har yak khat va az khud kardani onho ba omukhtani qonuniyathoi makhsus, ki az tarafi donandagoni nazariyai khattoti dar asrhoi 10—13 muayyan shuda bud va aslan ba usuli matematnkii kashidani harfhoi alohida va elementhoi judogonai on asos yoftaast (yane rioyai tanosub), vobasta bud. Baroi navishtani hama guna harf dar shakli alohidaash baroi khututi shashgona va nastaliq, donandagoni nazariyai khushnavisi doiraro asos qaror doda budand. Dar dokhili doira sekunjai barobartaraf, kvadrat va panjkunja kashida meshud va az rui on andozai harfhoi alohida va juzhoi onro muayyan mekardand. Qutri davra baroi har yak kheli khat alohida bud va on az rui miqdori nuqtahoe, ki bo nayqalam ba shakli rombhoi ba ham payvast az bolo ba poyon guzoshta meshud, muayyan megardid. Chunonchi, qutri davrae, ki baroi navishtani harfhoi khati muhaqqaq muayyan shuda bud, ba hasht nuqta, baroi khati suls haft nuqta, baroi khati tavqe shash nuqta muqarrar shuda bud.

Agar darozii harfi alif ( I ) barobari qutri davra boshad, juzi mudavvari jim (), ayn () barin harfho dar alohidagi ba nisfi davra va harfhoi ba tariqi ufuqi navishta meshudagi az qabili be (), pe () va g. az rui khordai davra sabt meshudand. Kvadrati daruni davra hajmi yak juzi domani kof; lom (barin harfho va andozai harfi shup» ()-ro muayyan mekard. Kunjhoi sekunjai barobartaraf boshad, shakli harfi dol () va saraki qof (), mim () vov () oarin harfhoro muayyan menamud. Panjkunja boshad, baroi durust muayyan shudani hajmi saraki jim () va hamii qabil harfho, inchuiin baroi aniq shudani andozai qismi poyoni harfhoi vov (), re () va gayra khizmat mekard. Bazan ba joi in sistemoi murakkab va hisobi matematiki usuli bisyor sodda —hisobi nuqtaho ba asos girifta meshud. Chunoichi, darozii harfi alif dar khati suls barobari haft nuqta (.        ), dar khati muhaqqaq — hasht nuqta, dar khatti tavqe — shash nuqta, darozii harfi «be» () boshad, dar khati suls shash nuqta (), muhaqqaq haft, tavqe panj nuqta, domani harfhoi jim ( ), ayn () dar khati suls dahunim, dar khathoi muhaqqaqu tavqe nuh nuqta muayyan shuda bud.

Dar barobari Ibni Muqla, Ibni Bavvob va YOquti Mustasimi dar nazariyai khat va khattoti khushnavisi nomii asri 15 Sultonalii Mashhdi niz hissai kalon guzoshtaast. Dar risolai «Odob-ul-mashq»-i u bori avval du usuli omuzish — nazari va qallmi bayon shudaast. Nazari — mushohida kardan va omukhtani khati ustodoni guzashta, qalami — mashqi payvasta az rui yagon nuskhai zebovu dilkhoh. Anana va navovarii khattoti dar risolai Mirimodi Qazvini, ki baroi uslubi khosi khat doshtani har yak khushnavis davat mekard, bayon shudaast. Khushnavison aksar ba du tarz — jalli va khafl menavishtand. Odatan mashqi khafi ruzona va mashqi jali shabona ba jo ovarda meshud. Dar asrhoi miyona har yak khushnais meboist, aqallan bo se navi khat: suls, naskh va nastaliq navishta metavonist. Aksariyat bo khati shashgona va nastaliq khele khubu margub menavipgtand. Mashqi payvasta yake az omilhoi asosii nigoh doshtani khati khub hisob meshud. Baroi khushnavisi barkamol shudan, panj chizro zarur medonistand— diqqati tab, vuquf az khat, quvvati dast, toqati mehnat va kamoli asbobi kitobat.

Mavodi asosii khushnavison siyohi va ditar jushahoi ranga, kogazi safedu ranga va marmari, nayqalam, qalamtarosh, mistar, qalamdon, siyohidon, mehrak, qalamqat hisob meshud. Dar risodahoi roje ba khattoti az jumla, dar «Risolai khat»-i Sultonalii Mashhadi, «Midod-ul-khutut»-i Miralii Hiravi, «Odob-ul-mashql-l Mirimodi Qazvini», «Risolai khati manzum»-i Majnun ibni Kamoluddin Mahmudi Rafiqi maruf ba Majnuni Chapnavis_g «Risolai khat»-i Shafeo, «Risola dar usul va qavoidi khututi sitta»-i Fathulloh Ahmad ibni Mahmud va gayra usuli tayyor kardani siyohi va tanosubi tarkibi on shinokhtani nayqalam va tarzi taroshidani on, shinokhtani kogaz va ohar molidan ba on, qat zadani nayqalam va gayra bobi alohida judo karda shuda, har yaki on batafsil sabt shudaast.

Majmui qoidahoero, ki dar khushnavisi jori va mamul bud, qavoidi duvozdahgona menomidand va on usul, tarkib, kursi, suud, nuzul, pisbat, davr, sath, quvvat, zaf, safo va nishon ast. Xattoti dar Mashriqzamin hamchun namudi sanat padid omada, chun sanati tasviri va digar namudi sanoe nazariyachiyoni mashhur va khushnavisoni zabardasti khudro doshtaast.     E. Oqilov.