KhAYR va ShAR

KhAYR va ShAR, az mafhuashop muhimi falsafai amalii Sharq buda, dar tarikhi afkori manavii tojikon naqshi ravshane dorad: dar talimoti zardushtiya va monaviya muhimtarin kategoriyai akhloqist. Dar Avesto hamai mavjudot ba du qutbi muqobil — olami khayru olami shar taqsim shuda, ramzi olami khayr nur va olami shar zulmat donista shudaast. Dar talimoti dualisti (sanaviyat)-i zardushtiya olami nur va khayru adolat dar shakhsi Hurmuz va olami zulmat va sharru razolat dar shakhsi Ahriman zohir shuda, muborizai oshtinopaziri qushvahoi nekiyu badi ogoz eftaast. Dar muborizai Hurmuz ba muqobili Ahriman va yoroli badi u (devon) shash ezidi neki Hurmuz, ki dar Avesto bo nomi «imshospandon» yod shudaand, yori merasonand. Tabiatan quvvahoi khayri Hurmuz ruhi sozanda va quvvahoi sharri Ahriman ruhi kharobkunanda dorand. Dar Avesto Zardusht odamonro ba muborizai ziddi quvvahoi sharru zulmat davat namuda, baroi piruzi va osoishi abadii onho sifathoi akhloqii «guftori nek», «raftori pek» va «pindori pek»-ro talqin kardaast. Dar monaviya hamin nazariyai akhloqii zardushtiya inkishof yoft. Moni ofarinishn olamro az se marhila iborat donista, dar marhilai avval olami nuru zulmatro az ham judo pindoshtaast. Dar marhilai duyum inson asiri olami zulmoni shuda, unsurhoi shar bo obu otash va khoku bod omezish paydo namudaand. Inson dar marhilai soyum boyad az zindoni olami zulmoni ozod shuda, batadrij tamomi unsurhoi sharro az khud dur kunad va ba zindagii jovidoni noil gardad.
Az talimoti akhloqii zardushtiyayu monaviya bisyor raviyayu jarayonhoi falsafiyu irfonii asrhoi miyonai Sharqu Garb gizoi manavi giriftaand. Masalan, dar afkori falsafii maktabi mashsho khayr ba manoi «vujud» va shar ba manoi «imkon» donista shudaast.
Rukni asosii falsafai amaliro (ilmi akhloq, tadbiri malzil va siyosati mudun) dar asrhoi miyona Xayr va Shar tashkil medihad. Dar on tamomi raftori odamon ba hamin du kategoriyai akhloqi judo karda shudaast. Ilmi akhloq quvvahoero, ki boisi amali Xayr va Shar dar faoliyati inson megardand, ba tafakkur, shahvat va gazab mansub medonad. Dar afkori akhloqii mutafakkironi Sharq, az jumla dar «Akhloqi nosiri», «Akhloqi jaloli», masalahoi Xayr va Shar az hamin nuqtai nazar barrasi shuda, vujude, ki khud bakhud mavjud ast, khayr va vujude, ki mavjudiyattash ba digar chiz vobasta boshad, shar donista shudaast.
Ba fikri onho, aql hama vaqt tolibi khayri haqiqist va shahvatu gazab manbai shar meboshad. Az in ru, inson dar faoliyati amaliash boyad oqilona raftor namuda, az qahru gazab khudro nigoh dorad.
Dar afkori pandu akhloqii klassikoni adabiyoti fors-tojik ba masalai Xayr va Shar ahamiyati ziyod doda shudaast. Dar ejodiyoti onho sifathoi neki insoni tarannum yofta, odamon ba kori khayr, nekiyu neknomi, nakukori hidoyat shudaand va badiyu khislathoi razilii insoni mavridi tanu mazammat qaror giriftaand. Dar osori badeii shoironu navisandagon kori khayru amri shar bo rohu vositahoi gunogun va obrazhoi rangin tasvir shudaand. Dar voqe, nomi qahramononi yak afsonai «Haft paykar»-i Nizomii Ganjavi Khayr va Shar meboshad. Nomi qahramononi mazkur ba khislatu amal va raftoru kirdori onho khele muvofiq buda, goyai asar dar muborizai du quvvai ba ham muqobil galaba kardani neki ba badi meboshad, ki asosi falsafiash dar Avesto bayon shudaast. Nigared niz Neki va badi.
M. Khazratqulov.