FUTUVVAT

FUTUVVAT (arabi — javonmar, di, sakho, karam), yak jarayoni ijtimoiyu siyosi, akhloqiyu dini va ideologiyu falsafist, ki manfiathoi sinfii tabaqahoi gunoguni hunarmandonro ifoda mekard. Dar davrap avvali feodalizm ba vujud omada, az talimoti monaviya va mazdakiya gizoi manavi giriftaast.
Asrhoi 4—6 davrai taraqqii shahrho va dar hayoti jamiyatii Sharqi Miyona va Nazdik nufuz paydo kardani tabaqai hunarmandon bud. Dar in davra hunarmandon baroi muboriza ba muqobili sinfhoi doro va emin budan va istiloi ajnabiyon tashkiloti kosibii khudro tasis namudand, ki futuvat nom girift.
Futuvat to istiloi arab vazifahoi sof khojagidoriro ijro karda, dar asrhoi 7—40 ba tashkiloti hunarmandiyu harbi mubaddal shud. On asrhoi 10 —14 ba darajai olii inkishofi khud rasida, to ba darajai jarayoni ijtimoiyu siyosi va akhloqiyu falsafi tashakkul yoft.
Muvofiqi talimoti futuvat, falsafa darajai olii inkishofi tafakkuri nazari va omili boetimodi darki haqiqat ast. Az rui talimoti futuvat, olam reali buda, novobasta az quvvai favquttabii inkishof moyobad. Futuvvat mavjudiyati olamhoi ziyod, sayyora va sitaragonro etirof karda, zindagonii odamonro dar onho hatmi meshumorad. Futuvvat na zamin, balki sayyora fazoero markazi kayhoni medonad, ki dar on khudo maskan dorad.
Goyahoi ijtimoii talimoti futuvat mohiyati progressivi dorand. Odamon az ruoi ba dunyo omadan nisbat ba yakdigar barobarand, az in ru, onho boyad tarzi habtero intikhob kunand, ki sharafu khiradi insoniro past nazanad. Ideali ijtimoii futuvat jamiyatest, ki dar asosi prinsipi barodari bunyod yoftaast. Futuvat mafhumi barodariro ba du mano tabir kardaast: avvalan, barodarii khuni, ki zinai poyonii barodari buda, dar on odamon barobar nestand; soniyan, barodarii kasbiyu ijtimoi, ki maromu maqsadi yagonai ijtimoiyu siyosi odamonro muttahid mekunad.
Talimoti futuvat oid ba barodari va barobari khususiyati khayoli dorad. Chunki on na barobariyu barodarii ijtimoi, balki barobariyu barodarii ruhiyu manavii odamonro targib mekard. Futuvvat tarikhi jamiyati insoniro ba du davra — johiliya va oqiliya taqsim mekunad. Dar davrai avval inson az sababi sustii khirad va balandii hirs huquqi ozodii iroda nadorad. Az in ru, khudo baroi tarbiya va hidoyati inson paygambaronro mefiristad. Davrai duyum az faoliyati Muhammad sar meshavad va inson dar raftoru kirdorash mustaqil megardad. Mohiyati talimoti akhloqii Futuvvat az barobari va barodari dar nazdi khudo, khayrkhohi, madadi hamdigar, burdbori, jihod, jazo dodan ba zolim, dastgirii bevayu yatimon iborat ast. Futuvvat hamchunin ruhi gumanistiro tashviq karda, baroi amali shudani onho muboriza burdaast. Sarvaroni junbishhoi khalqi — Abumuslimi Khurosoni, Muqanna, Yaqub ibni Lays, Mahmudi Torobi va digar az ahli Futuvvat budand. Dar talimoti Futuvvat vasfi mehnat maqomi khos dorad. Az jumla gufta shudaast, ki insonro khudo ofarida, baroi zindagi kardan ba u aql dodaast. Mehnat khiradi baharakatomada, davomi faoliyaggi ejodii khudost, ki ba inson intiqol shudaast. Binobar in Futuvvat mehnatro az ibodat ba khudo avlotar donista, zuhdro rad namudaast. Masalahoi dini niz dar talimoti Futuvvat mavridi muhokima qaror giriftaand.
Baze muhaqqiqon, az qabili M. Rizokhon, M. P. Bayzovi, M. Saror, G. Torning futuvvatro juzi tasavvuf mehisoband. Ammo dar asl futuvvat nuktai muhimtarini sufiya — «vahdati vujud»-ro rad karda, tanho marifati haqiqati realiro paziruftaast. Futuvvat az chor zinai marifati tasavvufi tanho tariqatro etirof mekunad. Futuvvat hamesha bo tasavvuf robitai qavi dosht; bisyor shaykhoni tasanvuf az ahli hunar buda, odatan, to davrai ba tasavvuf ruy ovardan azoi F. budand. Dar kori ba ham naadikshavii tasavvuf va F. oahmi Alii Hamadony (asri 13) va Jaloluddini Rumi kalon ast.
3. Vazirov.