FUTURIZM

FUTURIZM (az lotini futurum — peshomad, oyanda), jarayoni adabii avangardiest (nigared Avangardizm), ki solhoi 10—20 asri 20 dar Italiya va Rossiya paydo shudaast. Sarvar va nazariyotchii futurizm dar Italiya F. T. Marinetti — muallifi «Manifesti futurizm» (1909) bud. Dar in manifest ideologiyai burjuazi, aqoidi ziddiinsoni va jangjui talqin shudaand. Dar adabiyot futuriston berabti, «zaboni telegrafi», vayronsozii qonunhoi grammatika, istifodai alomathoi sharti, ramzu tamsilro ba joi avval meguzoshtand. Inchunin rad kardani merosi adabii guzashta, vasfi zurivu jang, goyahoi shovinisti, madhi teosnika, inkori ehsosoti tabiii inson — ishq, khushbahti, goyahoi adolat, insondusti va gayra meyori futurizm budand.
Dar Rossiya futurizm solhoi 1911—13 dar hayati guruhhoi judogona tashakkul yoft. Dar asosi futurizmi rus masalahoi demokratikunonii adabiyotu sanat, inkori ananahovu merosi madaniyu adabi va normahoi akhloqii guzashta, goho harju marj va besarusomoni dar tasviri voqeiyat va gayra meistodand. Baze futuriotoni rus (masalan, V. V. Mayakovskiy) voqeiyatro bo uslubi khosi ejodi ba tasvir megiriftand. Futurizmi rusro ba egofuturizm va kubofuturizm judo mekunand. Namoyandagoni egofuturizm ba mavzuhoi tarikhii gayriijtimoi mayl doshtand. Tarafdoroni kubofuturizm (V. V. Mayakovskiy, N. N. Aseev) bo zaboni plakat, hujjat, afisha, leksikai vulgari, jargonho, unsurhoi nasr va gayra ham boshad, to andozae ba mavzuhoi hayoti dakhl mekardand. Badi Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr bisyor namoyandagoni futurizm bo sardorii V. V. Malkovskiy ba platformai Hokimiyati Soveti guvashtand. Munosibati nigilistonai futuristonro ba merosi madanii guzashta va davohoi namoyandagoni onro dar borai «sanati davlati» va madaniyati proletari budani F. V. I. Lenin tanqid kardaast.
Baze khususiyathoi soddalavhona va nishonahoi zohirii futurizmro dar ashori shoironi navjuy va navqalami tojik, ki dar sahifahoi matbuoti solhoi 20 chop meshudand, daryoftan mumkin ast.
Adabiyot: Lenin V. I., O literature i iskusstve, 4 izdatelstvo, Moskva, 1969. S. Tabarov.