FILIPPIN

FILIPPIN, Respublikai Filippin (republica hg Pilipinas), davlatest dar Osiyoi Janubu Sharqi. Dar jazirahoi Filippini uqyonusi Orom voqe gashtaast. Masohatash qarib 300 hazor km2. Aholiash 52 mln nafar (okhiri 1983), filippiniho (beshtar az 80%), khitoiho va digar khalqho. Zabonhoi rasmi — tagali va anglisi; qarib 90% akholi katolikhoyand; aholii shahri—40%. Ba 73 muzofot taqsim shudaast. Poytakht va shahri kalontarinash — Manila. Sardori davlat — prezident. Organi olii qonunbaror—Majlisi yakpalatagi.

Filipin qarib 7100 jazira (kalontarinashon: Luson, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palavan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte)-ro dar bar megirad. Relefash asosan kuhist (balandi to 2954 m, vulqoni Apo dar jazirai Mindanao). Iqlimash tropiki va subekvatorii mussonist. Harorati miyonai solona dar janub 27—28°S, shimol 24—28°S. Borishoti solona 2000 mm, 1661 dar kuhho to 3500—4000 mm. Ziyoda az 2/5 qismi Filipinro beshahoi tropiki faro giriftaand.
Dar miyonai asri 16 aksari khalqiyati Filipin marhilai sokhti jamoavii avlodiro az sar meguaaronid, vale dar knyazihoi khurdi jazirahoi Luson, Sebu va galajazirai Sulu feodalizm tashakkul meyoft. Dar nimai duyumi asri 16 ispaniho avval qismi asosii Filipinro, dertar tamomi galajaziraro zabt namudand. Dar natijai revolyutsiyai ozodikhohii millii 1896—98 respublikal mustaqili Filipin elon shud. Ammo ShMA bo bahonai «yori» ba Filipin qushun farovardand. Dar natijai jangi amerikoihovu filippiniho (1899—1901) ShMA Filipinro ba mustamlikai khud tabdil dodand. Soli 1907 Partiyai millii burjuaziyu pomeshiki, 1930 Partiyai Kommunistii Filipin (PKF) tashkil yoftaand. Soli 1934 ShMA majbur shud, ki ba Filipin huquqi avtonomi dihad; dekabri 1941—45 Filipinro qushunhoi Yaponiya zabt kardand. Armiyai partizanii Khukbalakhap bo rohbarii Partiyai Kommunistii Filipin dar ozod kardani Filipin roli muhim bozid. Soli 1946 ShMA sohibikhtiyorii Filipinro etirof karda boshand ham, ba gardani onho yak qator shartnomahoi noodilonaro bor karda, dar mamlakat bazahoi harbii khudro sokhtand. Soli 1954 Filipin azoi SEATO gardid. Solhoi 1948—53 shurishi dehqonon ba amal omad, ki ba on Partiyai Kommunistii Filipin rohbari mekard Bad az pakhsh kardani shurish Partiyai Kommunistii Filipin, tashkilothoi korgaron va dehqonon duchori taqib gardidand. Soli 1972 prezident Markos dar Filipin vaziyati favquloda jori namud, soli 1973 konstitusiyai navro tasdiq kard. Hukumat baroi mustahkam kardani mavqei burjuaziyai milli, sust kardani mavqei oligarkhiyai pomeshikon va gayra chorabiniho guzarond. Soli 1974 ba azoyoni Partiyai Kommunistii Filipin ozodi doda shud. Fevrali 1986 dar natijai intikhobot va dastgirii farmondehii armiya, inchunin ruhoniyoni katoliki guruhi oppozisioni bo rohbarii Korason Akino ba sari hokimiyat omad; sobiq prezidevt F. Markos mamlakatro tark namud. Filipin az 1976 bo SSSR aloqai diplomati dorad.
Filipin mamlakati agrarist. Dar iqtisodiyoti Filipin bozori beruni va kapitali khoriji mavqei muhim dorand. Sektori davlati toraft vusat meyobad. Asosi khojagii Filipinro khojagii qishloq va sanoati istikhroji madan tashkil medihad. 29% arzishi mahsuloti umumii dokhili ba khojagii qishloq va 20%-ash ba sanoatu sokhtmon rost meoyad. Dar khojagii qishloq, khojagii jangal va mohigiri beshtar az 50% aholii qobili mehnat band meboshad va in sohaho taqriban 1/3 qismi daromadi milliro medihand. Qarib 40% hududi Filipin zaminhoi khojagii qishloq meboshand. Dar qismi ziyodi zaminho galla mekorand (hosili solonai sholi besh az 6 mln t, juvorimakka
3 mln t). Filipin istehsolkunandai kaloni kopra va nakhi abaka, inchunin nayshakar, tamoku, ananas va banan meboshad. Asosan govmesh, khuk meparvarand; mohigiri (dar yaksolbesh az 4 mln t) taraqqi kardaast. Khojagii jangali Filipin ba khorija ba miqdori ziyod chubu takhtai darakhtoni qimatbaho mebarorad. Sanoati istikhroji madan asosan baroi eksport kor mekunad; khromit (to 500 hazor ton dar yak sol), mis (qarib 300 hazor ton konsentrat), madain ohan, nikel, tillo va gayra istikhroj mekunand. Soli 1983 dar Filipin 10 mlrd kVt°s quvvai elektr istehsol karda shud. Sanoati khurokvoriyu adviyot va sanoati sabuk rivoj yoftaast. Korkhonahoi sanoati khimiya (rezip), tahvili neft, metallurgiya, vasli moshinho niz mavjudand. Korkhonahoi hunarmandi bisyorand. Bandarhoi bahri: Manila, Batangas, Sebu. Tuli rohi ohan 1,64 hazor km, rohhoi avtomobilgard 154,4 hazor km (1984). Ba khorija qand, ravgani norjil, konsentrati mis, chubu takhta, tillo, banan, ananas mebarorad. Sharikoni asosii tijoratiash: Yaponiya, ShMA, Angliya, RFG, Niderland. Vohidi pul — peso.