FIQH

FIQH arabi — donistan, fahmidan, daroftan), yak qismi ilohiyoti islom va qismi tarkibii shariat ast, ki qoidayu qonunhoi shari va huquqiro tanzim mekunad. Donandai qoidavu qonunhoi shariyu huquqiro faheq meguyand. Faqehon ham ilohiyotshinos va ham huquqshinosoni islomand. Onho dar asosi Quron, sunnat, ijmo, qyos masalahoi sistemai huquqi shari (ilmi ibodat), huquqi jinoi va grajdaniyu davlati (ilmi fiqh)-ro tanzim namuda, oid ba masalahoi alohidai huquq fatvo medodand.

Dar islom avvalin bor fiqhi sunniho dar shariat dar asosi 4 mazhabi huquqi — hanifiya, molikiya, shofeiya va hanbaliya ba vujud omadaast. Minbad ba on mazhabi jafariya dar asosi talimoti shia tagyirot darovarda, baze nuktahoi on, khususan masalai imomatro ba manfiati khud takmil dod.
Hanifiho hanuz dar asri 8 az rui manbahoi dini va huquqi ananavii mahalli (odat) sistemai huquqii islomro tartib dodand. Dar in davra faqehoni mashhuri hanifi ba navishtani kitobhoi huquqi shuru namudand. Abuyusufi Yaqub (vafot 795) «Kitobi khiroj», Muhammadi Shayboni (vafot 804) «Jami sagir» va Burhonuddini Margelony (vafot 1197) «Alhidoya» va digaron roje ba usuli fiqh asarhoi ziyode navshpta, zaminai fiqhi islomro guzoshtand. Asosguzori mazhabi molikiho Molik ibni Anas (713—795) dar «Almuvatta» nom kitobash asoshoi huquqii mazhabi khudro bayon namud. Muhammad ibni Idrisi Shofei (vafot 820) dar asarash «Risola» asoshoi metodologii fiqhi islomro tahqiq namud, Ahmad ibni Hanbal dar «Almusnad» nazariyai huquqii khudro peshnihod namud va badtar payravonash bo nomi hanbaliho mashhur shudand. Digar mazhabu raviyahoi ziyode niz vujud doshtand, vale tadqiqotchiyoni tarikhi fiqh mutaqidand, ki hamai onho in yo on masalai alohidai fiqhro dar asosi hamin 4 mazhabi sunni sharhu tafsir kardaand.
Dar asrhoi minbada fiqh ba usuli fiqh (tadqiqi masalahoi shari) va furui fiqh (tadqiqi sohahoi alohidai huquqi) taqsim shud va vobasta ba in huquqshinosoni islomiro niz ba mujtahidho va muqallidon judo namudand. Mujtahidon oid ba bisyor masalahoi sharziyu huquqi fatvo medodand, muqallidon boshand, tanho ba halli masalahoi alohidai shariyu huquqi mashgul budand.
Dar asrhoi miyona se darajai faqehon (oli, miyona, poyoyai) vujud dosht. Darajai oliro mujtahidoni mutlaq menomidand, ki dar asl muassisoni mazhabhoi dini budand. Darajai miyonaro mujtahidi munosib meguftand, ki asosan dar masalahoi shari fikr bayon mekardand; darajai poyoniro boshad, mujtahidi amaliyot mekhondand, ki mohiyatan faqehoni muvofiqi shariat amalkunanda budand. Dar sunniho du zinai avvali faqehon holo vujud nadorad, vale Shiaho davo dorand, ki imomi davr mujtahidi mutlaq yo khud hujjatulislom meboshad va amri u vojib ast.
Farqi asosii ahkomi shia, makhsusan fiqhi on az sunni dar on ast, ki shiaho masalai imomatro pazirufta, hadisu isnodhoero manbai shariat va fiqh meshumorand, ki ham ba Muhammad va ham ba Ali nisbat doda shuda bashand. Az in ru, sistemai ilohiyot va fiqhi onho ba mazhabi jafariya (muassisash imomi shashumi shiaho Jafari Sodiq) takya mekunad.
Az nazari fiqhi islom ideali jamiyat khilofat (teokratiya) meboshad. Dar hamin zamina Muhammadi Moshardi (974—1058) dar «Ahkomi sultoni» nazariyai khilofatro tahqiq karda bud. Dar nazariyai davlat bisyor masalahoi huquq, az jumla masoili khiroj, moliyot, jihod, vaqf, zamin, iqto, khums va gayra barrasi shudaast.
Huquqi islomi se namudi jinoyatro muayyan kardaast: 1) jinoyate, ki dar on qasos yo khunbaho ravo boshad. Ba in qabil jinoyat kushtan, zakhmi namudan, yagon uzvi badanro az kor barovardan va gayra dokhil meshavand. Tarzi muayyan kardani khunbaho dar mahalho va zamonhoi mukhtalif gunogun ast; 2) jinoyate, ki ba had ravo boshad, ba misli tahqiri nomi khudo, sirqat, khurdani may, zino va gunohhoi digar. Baroi in jinoyatho hatman jazo doda meshud; 3) jinoyate, ki ba on tazir ravo boshad. Ba in namudi jinoyat az maydoni jang gurekhtan, malumoti nodurust ba qozi dodan, zamini digaronro az khud namudan va gayra mansub ast.
Bino ba talimoti fiqh masalai mahr, qalin, nikoh, taloq, halola va gayra dar oila khele muhim ast. Shiaho ba huquqi oila va nikoh sigaro niz dokhil kardand.
Sistemai huquqii islom tai asrhoi miyona dar mamlakathoi Sharqi musulmoni jori bud. On dar davrai feodalizm manfiati sinfi hukmronro himoya namuda, omili boetimodi dar asorati onho nigoh doshtani khalqi zahmatkash bud. Yake az sababzoi intishor yoftani fiqh dar mamlakathoi islomi ba aqidai muhaqqiqon iborat az on ast, ki faqehon dar halli bisyor masala, hoi alohida ba odati mahalli diqqati qiddi medodand va ba masalahoi huquqi shari masalahoi khojagiyu moliyavi, akhloqiyu oilavi va gayraro hamroh kardaand.
Muhaqqiqon mutaqidand, ki faqehoni islom sistemai huquqii Yunonu Rimi Qadimro ba etibor girifta, bisyor masalahoi huquqiro dar zaminai dini islom inkishof dodaand.
Barobari taraqqiyoti feodalizm va roh yoftani unsurhoi kalitalisti ba hayotti mamlakathoi Sharqi musulmoni ba fiqh bisyor qonunu normahoi huquqshinosii burjuazi dokhil shudand va az asri 19 sar karda dar on islohoti jiddi mushohida meshud. Dar mamlakathoi islomi shariat va fiqh hanuz ahamiyati khudro gum nakardaand. Dar mamlakathoi Sharqi Sovety badi Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr normahoi huquqi sosialisti jori gardidand, ki onho ifodai jahonbinii sosialisti meboshand. Nigared Shariat.
M. Khazratqulov.