EHYO

EHYO (ar. — az nav zindashavi, umri dubora yoftan, renessans, yak davrai khosi taraqqiyoti farhangiyu ijtimoist dar tarikhi Garb, ki dar intihoi asrhoi miyona ba vuqu payvastaast; dar tarikhi mamlakathoi Evropai Garbi va Markazi marhilai guzarishe bud dar bayni asrhoi miyona va Ahdi Qadii. Az in ru az ogoz E. maylu mazmuni ziddifeodali dosht. E.-i Garb dar Italiya ogoz shud va az a-hoi 13—14 dar ravandi inkishofi tamoyulhoi realisti dar ejodiyoti shoir Dante, memor Arnolfo di Kambio, haykaltarosh Nikollo Pizano, rassomon Petro Kavallini va makhsusan Chotto zuhur yoft. Ejodiyoti namoyandagoni davrai E.-ro hissi bovari ba imkoniyathoi ziyodi inson, ba iroda va aqlu zakovati on, inkori skholastiki va zindagii zohidona (akhloqi gumanistii italiyaviho Lorenso Valla, Piko della Mirandola va dig.) faro girifta bud. Rohi tarqib namudani ideali mavzuniyu mutanosibi, ejodiyoti az har guna goyahoi dini ozodii shakhs, zeboi va hamohangii voqea, ba inson hamchun hastii asosi nazar kardan va qonunhoi asosii ba vujud omadani olami moddi ahamiyati goyavii sanati davrai E.-ro afzun namud, doirai faoliyati sanatkoron vase shud. Dar sanati memori binohoi jamiyati, qasru kushkho va khonahoi shahri naqshi muhim doshtand. Memoron (Brunelleski, Alberti, Bramante, Palladio dar Italiya, Lesko, Delorm dar Fransiya) imorathoro bo tanosubi qismhoi bino va oroishi badeii onho, timu rohravhoi tokdor, sutunho va ravoqu gunbazho oro doda, ba onho shukuhu hashamat mebakhshidand. Rassomon (Donatello, Mazachcho, Pero, della Francheska, Mantenya, Leonardo da Vinchi, Rafael, Mikelandelo, Tisian, Veroneze, Tintoretto dar Italiya; Yan van Eyk, Rogir van der Veyden, Breygel dar Niderlapd; Dyurer, Nit-khardt, Kholbeyp dar Germaniya; Fuke, Gujon, Klue dar Fransiya) mup-tazam tarzi tasviri badeii hamai sarvathoi olami voqei — tasviri hajm, fazo, nur, tasviri qomati inson (az jumla tasviri uryon) va muhiti voqei — interer va manzararo az khud menamudand.

Dar sohai adabiyoti davrai E. yodgorihoi behamto, ba misli «Gargantyura va Pantagryuel» (1535—56)-d Rable, dramahoi Shekspir, romani «Don Kikhot» (1605—55)-i Servantes va g. ba vujud omadand, dar onho husni tavaqquh ba davrai atiqa bo madaniyati khalqi, ruhi komediyavi bo hastii fojiavi robitai uzvi doshtand. Sonetahoi Petrarka, novellahoi Bakkachcho, dostonhoi qahramonii Ariosto, Tasso, hajvi ziddiklerikali (risolai Eraami Rotterdami «Tarifi hamoqat», 1511 va g.) bo janrhoi gunogun, shaklhoi infirodi va mazmunhoi milli goyai davrai E.-ro tajassum menamudand. Dar musiqi, ki ohangi samimonai gumanisti dorad, polifaniyai soziyu ovozi inkishof yofta, shaklhoi tozai vokalii gayridini (frotolla va villantela dar Italiya, vilyansiko dar Ispaniya, ballada dar Angliya, madrigal) va musiqii instrumentali (sozi) ba vujud omadand; in davra barobari paydo shudani janrhoi navi musiqi — yakkakhoni, kontata, oratoriya va operado, ki baroi ba vujud omadani gomofoniya (navi musiqii bisyorovoza) musoidat namudand, ba okhir merasad.

Dar davrai E. goyahoi falsafii navaflotuniya (Fichino) va panteizm (Patrisi, Bruno va dig.), kashfiyothoi buzurg dar ilmhoi geografiya, astronomiya (sistemai gelio-sentriro kashf kardani Kopernik), anatomiya (Vezaliy) surat paziruftand. Goyahoi E. ba barham khurdani tasavvuroti diniyu feodali musoidat namudand va aksaran ba talaboti jamiyati navzodi burjuazi muvofiq budand.