Davlati Somoniyon

Sarsilsilai khonadoni Somoniyon- Somon aslan az viloyati Balkh, yo khud atrofi Samarqand va yo az Tirmiz bud. Ba tibqi malumote, u dini islomro qabul karda, dar shakhsiyati hokimi Khuroson Asad ibni Abdulloh, ki namoyandai khilofati Arab bud, boroi khud pushtibone paydo namud va az in sabab ba alomati ehtirom nisbat ba in mard farzandi khudro Asad nom kard. Asad chor pisar dosht; Nuh, Ahmad, Yahyo va Ilyos. Hamai farzandoni Asad dar ahdi khilofati Mamun ba korhoi idorai davlat kashida shuda, Nuh ba Samarqand, Ahmad ba Fargona, Yahyo ba Choch va Ustrushan, Ilyos ba Hirot hokim tain gardida budand.
Dar zohir in chunin ba nazar merasid, ki guyo har yake az chor barodar hokimi viloyati inomshudae meboshad va bevosita ba qoimmaqomi Khuroson itoat mekunad. Ammo dar asl in tavr nabud. Barodari az hama kalon Nuh maqomi makhsuse dosht. Dar robitahoi khorijї khamchun sardori khonadon baromad mekard. Tahqiqi sikkaho nishon medihad, ki dar davrahoi avval barodaron khudro na hamchun molikoni alohida, balki hamchun azoi yak khonadon hisob mekardand, ki dar sari on Nuh qaror girifta budaast.
Pas az vafoti Nuh dodari u Ahmad sardori in sulolai navbunyod gardid. Ahmad, ki mardi nisbatan dono va tavono bud, bo maqsadi muayyan ba « jam kardani» zamini barodarash va sobit namudani mavqei avvaliyati khud kamar bast. U dar vaqti zindagiash hukmronii Samarqandro ba pisari khud Nasr supurd, ki vay badi vafoti padarash dar soli 864 sarsilsilai Somonї gardid. Soli 875 khalifa ham Nasrro hamchun sardori sulola etirof namuda, zimomi idorai davlatro ba dasti u dod.
Ahvoli Nasr bisyor vaznin bud. Kheshovandoni kalontarini u mulki alohida talab mekardand va goho, hatto zohiran boshad ham, vayro hamchun sardori sulola etirof kardan namekhostand. Muborizai Nasr bo maylu kushishhoi judoshavii barodaronash na ba tavri kofi qati bud va na barore dosht. Masalan, amaki Nasr Muhammad ibni Nuh dar
ovoni hukmroni kardanash dar Choch, jiyanashro chun sardori sulola shinokhta, ba nomi u sikkahoi misi mebarovard. Vaqte, ki Choch ba dasti barodari Nasr Yaqub rasid, u sikkahoro ba nomi khud barovardan girift. Digar barodari Nasr Asad dar Fargona hukm merond. In du barodar dar muboriza ba muqobili barodaroni digari khud muttafiq budand. Asad dar poytakhti Fargona Akhsikat ba nomi khud pul mebarovard va Nasrro loaqal chun hukmron yod namekard. Nasr bo hamai in sozish menamud. Munosibati Nasr khususan bo barodarash Ismoil murakkab bud. Nasr ibni Ahmad barodari dastparvari khud Ismoilro amiri viloyati Bukhoro tain namud va bo hamrohii vazir Ismat ibni Muhammadi Marvazi, dabir Fazl ibni Akhmadi Marvazi va guruhi sipohiyonu darboriyoni khosi khud soli 874 ba Bukhoro firistod. Ruhoniyoni bonufuzi Bukhoro takhti sarvarii Abuabdulloh ba peshvozi Ismoil ibni Ahmad baromada, uro ba shahr khayra maqdam namudand. Ismoili Somoni solhoi 874 – 892 rasman ba sarvari khonadon, barodari kaloniash Nasri Somoni itoat mekard.
Ruzhoi vurud omadani Ismoili Somoni ba Bukhoro shahru rustoho mushkilihoi ziyodi siyosї, jomeavї, mazhabiyu hunarї, zaifii dastgohi idoravii davlati vujud doshtand. Lekin Ismoil imkoniyati amalii bo siloh itoat kunonidani shahru mardumi onro nadosht. Tanho khiradu zakovat, toqatu tamkin, hushyorivu ustuvorї bahri islohi paydarpayi ofatu musibathoi mardumon darkor budu khalos.
Holo Ismoil mashguli mustahkamkunii mavqei khud bud, ki nokhost Huseyn ibni Tohir bo lashkari duhazornafarai musallah az daryoi Omu guzasht. U omodai zabti Bukhoro shud. Az in hodisa Ismoil voqif gasht. Ismoil haftod nafar sipohii Huseynro asir namud, khudi Huseyn ba Khuroson gurekht. Sipas Ismoil insondusti zohir namuda, ba asiron joma pushonida, onhoro ba mulkashon javob dod.
Nasr binni Ahmad Ismoilro uhdador namuda bud,ki sole az khiroji Bukhoro panjsad hazor dirham ba hukumati markazi irsol kunad.
Azbaski dar Bukhoro jangu jidol davom mekar, amir Ismoil sarivaqt andozro ba Samarqand nafiristod. On goh Nasr nazdi Ismoil qosid firistoda, az u mol pursid, vale Ismoil bo bahonae talaboti barodarro ijro nakard. In raftori Ismoil miyoni barodaron judoi andokht. Nasr ba muqobili Ismoil tayyorii harbї dida digar barodaronash va turkoni Isfanjobro ba kumak davat namud. Lashkari yakjoyai barodaron ba Bukhoro vorid shudand, muborizai durudarozi bayni barodaron sar shud. To vaqthoi okhir muarrikhon chunin mepindoshtand, ki in muborizai siyosii hokimiyattalabї meboshad. Ammo tasviri mufassali in du barodar nishon medihad, ki muborizai onho dar zaminai iqtisodї qaror girifta bud va Ismoil faqat mekhost Bukhororo bo tamomi khuquq va imtiyoz dar dasti khud nigoh dorad. Dar zadukhurdi soli 888 Ismoil galaba kard, vale takhtro az Nasr kashida nagirift, zero on vakt u chunin davo nadosht. Tanho soli 892 pas az vafoti Nasr ba takhti saltanat nishast va mulki khosai u Bukhoro poytakhti davlati Somoniyon gardid. Favti Nasr ba muborizahoi dokhilii khonadoni Somoniyon dar ahdi Ismoil khotima bakhshid. Akunun u vazifador shud, ki iqtisodiyoti davlatro purzur namuda, ba hujumhoi goratgaronai bodiyanishinoni Osiyoi Miyona nuqta guzorad. Bo hamin maqsad u ba Turkiston lashkar kashid va ba Bukhoro ganimathoi ziyode ovard. Yurishi Ismoli Somoni ba Shimolii Osiyo peshi rohi tokhtutozhoi goratgaronai turkonro girift. Mustaqiliyati Ismoil ba khilofat maqul nabud. In bud, ki Amri Saffori az khilofat farmon girift to in, ki Ismoilro nobud sozad. Muhoribai bayni Ismoilu Amr soli 900 dar nazdi Bukhoro surat girift. Dar in muhoriba Amr talafoti kalon doda taslim shud.Badi asir giriftani Amr ibni Lays Ismoil uro qatl nakard. Vayro ba ikhtiyori khalif ba Bagdod firistod. Amr du sol dar habs khobid va bad bo farmoni khalif Mutamid kushta shud.
Yak muddat jangho pasanda shudand. Aknun Ismoili Somoni baroi mustahkam namudani iktisodiyoti davlat va obodii shahrhoi on kamar bast.
Aholii Bukhoro az podshoh talab namud, ki baroi az turkoni bodiyanishin emin nigoh doshtani shahr boyad atrofii onro devor girift. Ismoil chunin izhor namud: « To vaqte, ki man zindaam, qalai Bukhoro man hastam ».
Ismoil siyosatmadori zamoni khud bud. Zero har yak dushvorie, ki sar mezad, mustaqilona hal mekard. « Hech kas az oli Somon bosiyosattar az vay nabud », guftaast Narshakhi . Dar zamoni amirii u davlatdorii Somoni ba darajai balandi taraqqiyoti khesh rasid. Ismoili Somoni zaminhoi Safforiyonro ham ba itoati khesh darovard.
Davlati buzurge, ki Ismoili Somoni tashkil va mustahkam namuda bud, alakkay dar zamoni hukmronii pisarash Ahmad binni Ismoil ( 907- 914) yakbora past raft. Zero az siyosati peshgiriftai u feodaloni mahallї, zamindoroni kalon, gvardiyai darbori va khalq norozi shudand. Yakbora hokimoni mulkhoi kaloni Somoniyon- Samarqand, Siiston, Ray, va gayra bar ziddi hokimiyati markazї shurish bardoshtand.
Kushta shudani Ahmad ibni Ismoil niz munosibathoi dokhilї darbori Somoniyonro khele tezutund namud. Iddae az nazdikoni khonadoni podshoh baroi sokhib shudan ba toju takht muborizaro ogoz namudand. Ammo az qabili darboriyon va mutafakkironi olimartabai Bukhoro odamoni solimaql yoft shudand, ki ba toju takht arzanda budani pisari khurdsoli Ahmad Nasri 11-ro etirof namudand. Nasri 11 ibni Ahmad ( 914-943) sohibi toju takhti Somoniyon gasht. Azbaski u nobolig bud, bo maslihati mutafakkironi darbor idora namudani davlat bar Abdulloh Muhammad ibni Ahmadi Jayhoni voguzor shud.
Dar rafti solhoi 925- 929 hokimoni viloyathoi alohidai Khuroson ba muqobili hukumati markazii Somoniyon khurujho karda, bo dastgirii khilofati Arab ba judoandozii mulkho dast zadand. Ammo amir Nasri 11 tavonist,ki in khurujhoro sari vaqt furu nishonad. Solhoi okhiri
hayoti khesh Nasri 11 hokimiyatro dar Nishopuru Ray va digar zaminhoi Khuroson mustahkam namud.
Chi khele, ki sarchashmaho yodovar meshavand, tamomi khislathoi odamgari va hokimii boboyash Ismoil ibni Ahmad da Nasri 11 tajassum yofta budand. U dar halli masalahoi mukhtalif ba sarosemakorї roh nadoda, hamatarafa vaziyatro omukhta, tahlil namuda, sipas qaror qabul mekard.
Nasri 11 hangomi dar qaydi hayot budanash ba joi khesh pisari kaloniash Ismoilro voris monda bud. Ammo Ismoil pesh az padar vafot kard. Dar solhoi okhiri hayot va davlatdoriash Nasri 11 payravi aqidai karmatiyon shud. Hatto u ba guftai sardori karmatiyon Nakhshabi gush medod, ki in boisi norozigii ruhoniyoni islom gardid. Khostand, ki dar vaqti majlisi boshukuh Nasri 11- ro shahid gardonand. Ammo az in suiqasd pisari podshoh Nuh ibni Nasr ogoh shuda, sarkardagoni suiqasd to ogozi majlis dastgir gashta, sarashon az tan burida shud. Nasri 11 dar nazdi hozirin sukhan karda, ba foidai pisarash Nuh, ki ba harakati karmati mayl nadosht, az takhtu toji Somoniyon dast kashid.
Garchande Nuh doir ba mustahkam kardani hokimiyat baze choraho did, vale norozigihoi lashkariyoni darbori, oshubhoi baze az sulola va ashrofoni mahalli ba miyon omadand. Vay hatto dar soli 947 yakchand moh poytakhtash Bukhororo az dast dod. Solhoi ziyode ba muboriza bo hokimi Chagoniyon — Abualii Chagonї band shud va bilokhira majbur gasht, ki uro sipohsolori Khuroson tain kunad. Nuh ibni Nasr 28 avgusti soli 954 vafot namud. Hukmronii Nuhi 1 boisi badii vazi ommai mehnatkashon shud. Dar davrai u yak sol pesh giriftani andozho dar shakli qarz jori gasht va hamchunin ijroi uhdadorihoi ziyode ba miyon omad.
Dar davrai amiri digar – Abdumalik ibni Nuh ( solkhoi 954- 961) va Mansuri 11 ibni Nuh (solkhoi 961- 976) dar dokhili davlat quvvahoi markazgurez quvvat girift va nizovu oshubho ba miyon omadand va
tasiri lashkari turk dar darbor afzun gardid. Azbaski holo Abdumalik khele javon bud, yak muddat idorakunii hokimiyatro shakhsi bonufuzi darbor Abubakr ibni Malik ba zima girift. Badi on, ki Abdumalik dar kori idorakunii davlat malaka hosil namud, Abubakr ibni Malik ba Khuroson raft. Dar zamoni Abdumalik ibni Nuh tasiri turkon dar darbor bolo girift. Podshoh be rozigii hochibi buzurg Alptegin korero ba somon rasonida nametavonist. Hatto kor ba joe rasida bud, ki be rukhsati hochibi buzurg podshoh yagon shakhsro az mansab girifta, ba mansab tain karda nametavonist. Dar zamoni hukmronii Abdumalik ibni Nuh zadukhurd va isyonkhoi feodaloni mahallї nihoyat avj giriftand va dar natija davlati Somoniyon sustu notavon shuda mond. 20 noyabri soli 961 hangomi asptozї Abdumalik shahid shud.
Margi nogahonii Abdumalik ibni Nuh boisi kashmakashihoi dokhiliyu norozigii umum gasht, dar dokhili davlat quvvahoi markazgurez quvvat girifta, nizovu oshubho ba miyon omadand va tasiri sarlashkaroni turk dar darbor afzun gardid. Amir Nukhi II ibni Mansur (solkhoi 976-997) dar 13-solagi ba takht shinonida shud, vale ba joi u modarash va bad vazir Abulhusayn Abdulloh ibni Ahmadi Utbi hukmroni menamudand. Badi vafoti in vazir dar solhoi 80-umi asri X dar davlat nizo va kashmakashiho bo ishtiroki sarlashkaron Tosh, Foiq, Abulhasani Simjurї va digaron ziyod meshavad va artishi Somoniyon az artishi Buvayhiyoni Eron shikast mekhurad. Dar natija yak qator viloyathoi davlati Somoniyon ba dasti oshubgaron aftod, daromadi khazina kam shud va turkoni lashkari darbor khudsarї menamudand. Hamai muzofoti Khuroson amalan ba dasti Abualii Simjurii qobiliyatnoku mansabparast guzasht, ki u az tahti hukmronii Nuhi II berun rafta bud. Dar in sharoit dar Haftrudu Koshgar davlati Qarokhoniho quvvat girift va soli 992 ba Movarounnahr hujum namud. Kushishhoi Nuhi II doir ba himoyai mamlakat be natija mondand, zero uro aholi dastgiri nakard, shiori jihod ham kumak narasond, chunki
qarokhoniho niz musulmon budan va volii Khuroson Abualii Simjurї bo Bugrokhoni qarokhoni makhfiyona sharik bud, sarlashkar Foiq boshad, ba jonibi dushman guzasht. Dar natija Bukhororo qarokhoniho ishgol kardand va Nuhi II ba Omul firor kard. Vale vaziyatro margi nogahonii Bugrokhon najot dod, badi in hodisa lashkari qarokhoniyon Bukhororo gorat namuda aqibnishini kardand.
Nuhi II bo yorii hokimi Gazna Sabuktegin soli 994 neruhoi oshubgarї Abualii Simchurї va Foiqro dar Khurosonu Balkh shikast dod va baroi in khizmat voligii Khurosonro ba pisari Sabuktegin Makhmud bakhshid. Ba hamin minvol hokimiyati Nuhi II muvvaqatan barqaror shud, vale solhoi 995-996 dar havzai Sirdaryo, viloyathoi shimolu sharqiashro az dast dod. Dar in jo qalamravi fargonagii davlati karokhoniho tashkil shud, ki markazash Urganj bud. Solhoi okhiri hukmronii Nuhi II n sarvari mekardand. Nuhi II 23-iyuli soli 997 dar hamin gunna vaziyat vafot namud. Kame peshtar Nukhi-11ro tabib va olimi chavon Abuali Ibni Sino muolija namuda, ba in vasila ba kitobkhonai mashhurї darbori Somoniyon roh yofta bud.
Dar davrai Somoniyoni okhirin Mansuri II ibni Nuh ( solkhoi 997-999) va Abdumalik ibni Nuh (soli 999) hujumi qarokhoniho ba Movarounnahr va taqsimi mulki Somoniyon dar bayni qarokhoniyonu gaznaviyon ba amal omad.
Dar in davra dar dasti Somoniyon tanho Movarounnahr monda budu khalos. Gayr az in Somoniyon soli 999 ba hujumi qarokhoniyon dar zeri rohbarii Nasr giriftor shuda davlatdoriro az dast dodand.
Okhirin namoyandai Somoniyon Abuibrohim Ismoil yakchand marotiba bar boloi Qarokhoniyon galaba ba dast darovard, vale soli 1005 u ham kushta shud va bo hamin hukmronii sulolai Somoniyon az bayn raft.