Davlati PUERTO-RIKO

PUERTO-RIKO (Puerto Shso), mamlakatest dar Vest-Indiya, dar jazirai kaloni Puerto-Riko va jazmrahoi na chandon kaloni Vekes, Kulebra, Mo­na va gayra. Mulki IMA. Az Shimol onro uqyonusi Atlantik, az Janubi bahri Karib ihota kardaand. Masohatash 8,9 hazor km².

Aholiash 3,4 mln. nafar (1981). Mar­kazi mamuriash shahri San-Khuan. Puerto- Piko ba 7 okrugi mamuri taqsim shudaast.

Puerto- Piko rasmansi «davlati ikhtiyoran hamrohshuda» va huquqi khudidorakuni dorad. Hokimiyati ijroiya ba uhdai gubernator ast, ki uro aholi ba muhlati 4 sol intikhob mekunad. Hokimiyati olii qonunbaror dar ikhtiyori Kongressi IMA meboshad. Puerto- Piko dar kongressi IMA hamagi yak namoyanda dorad. Hokimiyati qonunbaror dar doirai avto­nomiya ba Assambleyai qonunbarori dupalatagi taalluq dorad. Dar Puerto- Piko sud tashkil karda shudaast, ki on huquqi sudi okrugiro dorad.

Tabiat. Sathi jazirai az hama kalon Puerto- Piko asosan kuhsor ast. Az samti Garb to khudi Sharq silsilai kuhi Kordilera-Sentral (balandiash to 1338 m) tul kashidaast. Qad-qadi sohilhoi Shimol va Janubi pastkhamihoi hamvor voqe gardidaand. Dar Puerto- Piko konhoi madali marganets va ohan mavjudand. Dar jazira zud-zud zil- zila meshavad. Iqlimash tropikii passati. Harorati miyonai mohonai hamvoriho az 24 to 28°S, dar kur­sor pasttar. Borishoti solona dar nishebihoi qismi shimolu sharqii kuhho —1400—2500 mm, dar qismi janubi garbi taqriban 9000 mm. Zud-zud tufon ruy medihad. Daryohoyash kutoh-kutohu tezjarayon buda, kishtigard nes­tand. Dar nishebihoi shimoli boqimondai beshai hameshasabzu omekhta mavjud ast. Dar nishebihoi janubi rastenii khushkidust meruyad.

Olami hayvonotash nihoyat kambagal, mushhoi parron, khozandagon khe­le bisyorand.

Aholi. Aholii asosi — puertorikonho avlodi ispaniho meboshand, ki dar tuli asrho bo afrikoiho daromekhtaand. Dar Puerto- Piko ziyoda az 20 hazor amerikoiho zindagi mekunand. Kreolho, safedpuston, mulatho va zangiyon niz hastand. Zaboni davlati — ispani va anglisi. Dini hukmron — katoliki. Shahrhoi kalon: San-Khuan, Bayamon, Ponse, Mayagues, Kaguas.

Ocherki tarikhi. Asarhoi 8—9 dar jazirai Puerto- Piko, ki on qismi asosii territoiyai hozirai mamlakatro tashkil medod, qabilahoi gunoguni hindi maskan girifta budand. Borikenho nom yake az qabilahoi hindiyoni Amerika, ki az Amerikan Janubi ba Vest-Indiya omada budand, jaziraro Boriken nomidand. Onho bo dehqoni, shikor, mohigiri mashgul buda, kasbi bofandagiyu kuloli ro ham medonistand. Asrhoi 14—15 ba jazira karibho omadand. Hindiyon dar avali asri 16 davrai sokhti avlodiro az cap meguzarondand. X. Kolumb 19 noyabri 1493 jazirai Borikenro kashf namuda, ba on San-Khuan -Bautista nom nihod. Dar davrai jaziraro istilo namudani konkistadori ispani X. Ponse de Leon on Puerto Rico (bandari boy) nom girift. Zaminhoe, ki dar onho hindiyon istiqomat mekardand, dar bayni ispaniho taqsim karda shudand. Ispaniho dar zaminhoi zabtkardaashon ba parvarishi chorvo va kishtukori ziroathoi navi khojagii qishloq cap kardand. Soli 1511 zulmu istibdodi onho ba shurishi kaloni hindiyon sabab shud. Mustamlikadoron dar miyonai asri 16 qarib tamomi aholii mahalliro qir namuda, ba ovardani gulomoni zangi az Afri­ka cap kardand. Rohzanoni bahrii Angliya, Fransiya va Gollandiya borho ba zabti Puerto- Piko azm namudand. Soli 1595 shahri San-Khuan (soli 1508 bunyod yoftaast) otash zada shud. Soli 1598 jazira chand moh dar dasti anglisho bud. Soli 1797 anglisho bori digar kushidand, ki onro ba dast orand. Az ibtidoi asri 19 ba Puerto- Piko bisyor muhojironi safedpust omada, ba kishti nayshakar cap kardand (okhiri asri 19 dar jazira 257 fabrikai qand bud). Asri 19 zeri tasiri jange, ki baroi istiqloliyati mustamlikahoi dar Amerika budan Ispaniya cap zad, khalqi Puerto- Piko bar ziddi hukmronii Ispa­niya shurish bardosht. Soli 1868 shurishgaron bo sardorii R. E. Betanses dar shahri Lares respublika elon kardand. Shurish berahmona pakhsh karda shud. Soli 1873 dar Puerto- Piko gulomdori bekor karda shud. Soli 1897 Puerto- Piko mukhtoriyati mahdud ba dast ovard. Dar davrai jangi bayni Ispaniyayu Amerika (1898) qushunhoi IMA jaziraro zabt kardand. Muvofiqi sulhi Parij (10 dekabri 1898) Ispaniya Puerto- Piko va chandin jazirahoi khurdi atrofi onro ba IMA dod. Dar davrai Jangi yakumi jahoni (1914— 1918) puertorikonho ba armiyai IMA davat shudand. Soli 1917 kongressi IMA ba nom akti Jonsro (az nomi senator Jons) qabul namud, ki muvofiqi on dar Puerto- Piko  iborat az du palata kongress tasis yoft; muvofiqi in akt puertorikonhoe, ki badi soli 1917 tavallud shuda budand, grajdanhoi IMA ba hisob meraftand va ba joi puli ispani puli amerikoi jori karda shud.

Krizisi iqtisodii jahonii 1929—1933 va depressiyae, ki badi on ba amal omad, ba iqtisodiyoti Puerto- Piko zarar

kalon rasonda, ahvoli mehnatkashonro nihoyat vaznin kard. Shumorai bekoron khelo afzud. Soli 1933 elektrikho, soli 1934 korgaroni sanoati qand korpartoi kardand. Muborizai siyosi vusat yoft. Soli 1934 dar sharoiti tezutund gardidani mu­borizai sinfi Partiyai Kommunistii Puerto-Riko tashkil shud. Par­tiyai kommunisti talaboti korgaron (behtar namudani sharoiti mehnat, ziyod kardni muzdi kor, jori namudani sugurtai ijtimoi va gayra)-ro harjoniba dastgiri kard. Yake az rohbaroni harakati millii ozodikhohona Albisu Kampos puertorikoihoro ba muborizai musallahi ziddi imperialistoni amerikoi davat kard. Oktyabri 1935 politsiya dar shahri Rio-Pedras vatandustonro sakht jazo dod. Mohi marti 1937 dar shahri Ponse ziyoda az 200 kas kushta va yarador shud. Soli 1938 Partiyai khalqi-demokrati tashkil yoft, ki on tarafdori taraqqi dodani iqtisodiyoti mamlakat bud. Partiyai khalqi-demokrati ba dastgirii IMA va burjuaziyai mahalli takya namuda, ba mehnatkashon bisyor vadaho dod, ki sharoiti zindagii onhoro behtar mekunad. Yak qismi kor­garon va dehqononi fireftashuda onro tarafdori kardand va partiyai mazkur soli 1940 ba sari hokimiyat omad.

Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifoqhoi kasaba. Partiyai navi pro­gressisi (PNP), partiyai hukmron, tisisash 1967.

P a r t i ya i kh a l q i-d emokrati (PKhD), tasisash 1938. Partiyai istiql o l i ya t i Puerto- Piko, tasisash 1946. Partiyai s o ts i a l i s t i i P u e r t o-R i k o (PSPR), tasisash 1971. Partiyai kommunistii Puerto-Riko (PKPR), tasisash 1934. Federatsiyai m o h n a t k a sh o n i P u e r t o-R i k o, tasisash 1957. Federatsiyai ozodi

m e h natkashoni Puert o-R i k o, tasisash 1899.

Iqtisodiyot. Iqtisodiyoti Puerto- Piko qarib purra ba kapitali IMA vobasta ast. Taqriban tamomi korkhonahoi sanoati va qismi ziyodi istehsoloti khojagii qishloq, vositahoi naqliyot va aloqa tobei kapitali IMA-and. 96 shirkati amerikoi dar jazira korkhonahoi sanoati dorand. Sano­ati kuhkori sust taraqqi kardaast; tanho masolehi binokoriyu namak istehsol mekunand. Solhoi 1950— 1970 monopoliyahoi IMA dar jazira bisyor korkhonahoi sanoati korkardi neft (zavodhoi Ponse, Guayanilya, Bayamon, Mayagues), sanoati khimiya, dorusozi, elektrotekhnika sokhtand, ki mahsuloti onho asosan eksport meshavad. Stansiyahoi elektrik mam­lakat soli 1981 12000 mln kBt-soat quvvai elektr hosil kardand. Dar mamlakat korkhonahoi sanoati sabuk (duzandagi, bakhiyaduzi, gulduzi, poyafzolduzi va gayra) beshtarand. Korkhonahoi kaloni sanoati asosan dar shahrhoi San-Khuan, Ponse, Bayamon voqeand. Kalontarin korkhonahoi sanoati khurokvory korkhonahoi qand va korkardi mohiand.

35% aholii qobili mehnat dar khojagii qishloq kor mekunad. 80% zamin dar ikhtiyori shirkathoi amerikoist. Dar qismi kaloni zamin bazahoi harbii Amerika joy giriftaand. Xojagii qishloq asosan bo parvarishi nayshakar, qahva, tamoku, ananas, pakhta, banat, mani­ok, juvorimakka, norjil va sitrusiho mashgul ast. Ba khoricha naysha­kar, qand, qahva, banan, tamoku, mevahoi sitrusi eksport mekunad. Az khoricha asosan ashyoi khomi sanoati, moshin, molhoi istemoli umumi va gayra megirad. Chorvodori yake az sohahoi asosii khojagii qishloq meboshad. Mam­lakat soli 1981 (ba hisobi hazor cap) 535 gov, 19 asp, 223 khuk, 4391 parranda dosht. Nohiyai San-Khuan makoni chorvoi shirdeh ast. Darozii rohi avtomobilgard 16730 km (1981). Aloqai havoi va bahri vusat yoftaast. Aeroporti baynalkhalqii Isla-Verde dar San-Xyan voqest. Bandarhoi bahri: Guayanilya va Lobos. Shariki asosii tijoratiash IMA. Vohidi pul — dollari ame­rikoi.

Nigahdorli tandurusti. Bino ba malumoti tashkiloti umumijahonii nigahdorii tandurusti soli 1972 dar Puerto- Piko ba 1000 nafar aholi 6,7 favt, 24,1 tavallud, ba 1000 nafar kudaki navzod 27,1 favt rost omada bud. Dar bayni aholi bemorihoi dilu pag, saraton, bemorihoi bachagona. Pnevmoniya, jimoi, sil, va gayra pahn shudaand. Soli 1972 dar Puerto- Piko 133 bemorkhoiai doroi 12,4 hazor kat (4,5 kat baroi 1000 kas), az on jumla 85 bemorkhonai davlatii doroi 7,4 khazor kat va 32 bemorkhonai khususii doroi 3 hazor kat bud. Muassisahoi davlati taqriban ba 60% aholi yorii tibbii bepul merasonand. Soli 1972 dar Puerto- Piko 3,3 hazor dukhtur (1 dukhtur taqriban ba 900 nafar aholi), az jumla 2,2 hazor dar muassisahoi davlati, 639 dukhturi dandon, 1,1 hazor farma­sevt va ziyoda az 7 hazor kormandi doroi malumoti miyonai tibbi khizmat mekardand. Fakulteti tibbii universitet dukhtur tayyor mekunad.

Maorif va madaniyat. Soli 1899 talimi hatmi jori karda shudaast. Muhlati talimi hatmi 8 sol. Dar bogchaho kudakon az 4 to 5-solagi tarbiya meyoband. Maktabi ibtidoi —6-sola. Kudakon az sinni 5-solagi ba maktab meravand. Maktabi ibtidoii dehot —3-sola. Maktabi miyonai 6-sola du zina (3+3) dorad. Ba maktabi miyona kudakon az 11-solagi dokhil meshavand. Omuzishgohhoi kasbhoi tekhniki niz mavjudand, ki az du zina (2-sola va 4-sola) iboratand. Soli tahsili 1970/71 dar 2,5 hazor maktabi malumoti umumi 789,7 hazor nafar khonanda tahsil mskard. Dar Puerto- Piko Universiteti Puerto- Piko (dar San- Khuan, tasisash 1903), Universiteti kato­likii Puerto- Piko (dar Ponse, tasisash 1948; khususi); Universiteti bayniamerikoii Puerto- Piko (dar San-Kherman, tasi­sash 1912; khususi) va chand kolleji khususi hast. Soli 1970 dar universitetho 80,5 hazor student tahsil mekard. Puerto- Piko 28 kitobkhona dorad, ki kalontarini onho kitobkhonai Universiteti Puerto- Piko (tasisash 1903) meboshad. Mamlakat 9 muzey (Khonai kitob, Muzeyi harbii gvardiyai milli, Muzeyi Rodante, Muzeyi sanati nafisa, Mu­zeyi sanati din, Muzeyi tarikhii harbi-bahri va gayra) dorad.

Matbuot, radio va televizion. Soli 1974 dar Puerto- Piko taqriban 20 gazeta va jurnal, az jumla gazetahoi harruza: «Mundo» («E1 Mundo», az soli 1919); «Imparsial» («E1 Imparsial», az 1933); «Dia» («E1 Dia», az 1909); «San-Khuan-star» («San Iuan Star», az 1959); «Pueblo» («E1 Pueblo», organi Partiyai Kommunistii Puerto- Riko) nashr meshudand. Dar Puerto- Piko zi­yoda az 80 radiostansiya va 17 stansiyai televizion kor mekunad, ki hama khususiand.

Adabiyot. Adabiyoti Puerto- Piko asosan ba zaboni yunani taraqqi mekunad. Az adabiyoti aholii mahalli, ki onro dar miyonai asri 16 ispaniho nestu nobud karda budand, osore bo­ji namondaast. To asri 19 dar bayni kreolho va zangiyoni gulomi ba in jo ovardashuda ejodiyoti dahonakii khalq vujud dosht. Dar adabiyoti asri 19 romantizm yake az jarayonhoi hukmron bud va shoiron S. Vidarte (1827—1848), A. Tapiya-i-Rivora (1826 —1882) va digaron namoyandagoni peshqadami on budand. Dar miyonai asri 19 dar adabiyot jarayoni a ba vujud omad va namoyandagoni on —shoiron M. A. Alonso (1822—1889), F. Vasalo-i-Kabrera (1832—1867) va digaron dar asarhoi khud zindagi va urfu odathoi khalqro tasvir namudaand. Dar okhiri asri 19 mavqei realizm mustahkam gardid; dar in soha navisandagon S. Brau (1842—1912), M. Gonsales Garsiya (1866—1938) va digaron sahmi arzanda guzoshtand. Dar ibtidoi asri 20 nazmi modernisti ba vujud omad va namoyandagoni on L. Lorens Torres (1878—1944) va digaron dar asarhoi khud muborizai namoyapndagoni madaniyatro baroi muhofizati istiqloliyat va madaniyati ba khud khosi Puerto- Piko inkkos namudand. Ananahoi realizm to okhiri asri 19 dar ejodiyoti navisandagon S. Brau, M. Fernandes Khunkos, Seno Gandiya va digon inkishof yoft. Dar romanhoi E. Lagere , Stav. 1906) «Alanga» (1939), «Mavjhoi ba sohil latmazanandai bahr» (1949), «Otash va navoi on» (1970) va asarhoi ishtirokchiyoni muborizai ziddi imperialisti — shoiron X. Enamorado Kuesta (tavallud 1892), X. A. Korretkher (tavalludash 1908), F. Manrika Kabrera (tavalludash 1908) mavzuhoi ijtimoi inikos yoftaand. Navisanda X. L. Gon­sales dar asarhoi khud hayoti mehnatkashon va muborizai onhoro bahri khuquqi khud tasvir kardaast. Memori va sanati tasviri. Dar territoriyai Puerto- Piko az osori madaniyati qadimii hindiyon suratu tasviroti rui devori gorho, hakkokii rui san­gu chub boqi mondaast. Az asri 16 to ibtidoi asri 20 tamomi imorathoi shahrho ba uslubi ispani (binohoi devorhoyashon gafsi sangin va ruihavlidor) bunyod shudaand. Kalisohoi asri 16 bo uslubi gotika bino yoftaand. Soli 1950 Markazi ittihodi

sanati puertorikoiho tashkil gardid, ki memor, haykaltarosh, binokor, grafik va rassomoni on ba haqqoni tasvir namudani zuhuroti ijtimoii hayoti khalq mekushand.

Teatr. Dar asri 19 dar Puerto-Riko asarhoi dramaturgon A. Tapiya-i-Rivera, L. Lorens Torres, R. Mendes Kinones va digaron ba sahna guzoshta shudand. Soli 1832 dar San-Khuan avvalin teatri doimii «Kolisso publiko» kushoda shud. Zuran ba IMA hamroh karda shudani mamlakat (seyaki yakumi asri 20) tarakqiyoti teatri milliro bozdosht. Soli 1935, badi on ki E. Belaval gruppai «Areyto»-ro tashkil kard, dar sanati teatr peshravie mushohida shud. Faoliyati «Areyto»-ro Teatri Universitet davom dod. Dramaturgho F. Arrivi, E. Lagerre, F. Serra Berdesia, M. M. Ballester, R. Markes dar peshrafti teat­ri milli sahmi arzanda guzoshtand. Az soli 1958 dar mamlakat festivalhoi teatri guzaronida meshavand. Dar San-Khuan teatrhoi «Tapiya», «La perla», «Ateneo», «Alta essena», Teatri Universitet kor meku­nand. Rejissyor va aktyoroni nomii mamlakat A. Rodriges, X. Marrero, P. Kabrera, P. Nasario, E. de la Lastra, P. Arenas va digaron dar sohai dramaturgiya khizmati shoista kardaand.